2. Basic Research Research conducted to increase fundamental knowledge. Research conducted to increase fundamental knowledge. Provides building blocks for all types of research. Provides building blocks for all types of research. Not directed toward solving any particular problem. Not directed toward solving any particular problem.

3. Basic Research A teacher assigning her students to write a research paper on Alzheimer’s disease. A teacher assigning her students to write a research paper on Alzheimer’s disease. Mice being deprived of sleep as part of a research study. Mice being deprived of sleep as part of a research study. A new disease in Africa would prompt us to do basic research in America. A new disease in Africa would prompt us to do basic research in America. Basic = gathering information

4. Applied Research Directed toward specific objectives – for example, development of a new drug, treatment, or surgical procedure. Directed toward specific objectives – for example, development of a new drug, treatment, or surgical procedure. Conducted MOSTLY with animals. Conducted MOSTLY with animals. Can be non-animal methods (computer models or tissue cultures), and humans. Can be non-animal methods (computer models or tissue cultures), and humans.

5. Clinical Research 1. 1. Used when other forms of research have taken place. 2. Used to test potential drugs & treatments in humans. 3. Builds on what is done in basic & applied stages.

6. Broad variety of activities & areas of study. Human clinical trails-leukemia, cancers, AIDS & many other diseases. Some people are paid if willing to participate. Human clinical trails-leukemia, cancers, AIDS & many other diseases. Some people are paid if willing to participate. Psychosocial & behavioral research Psychosocial & behavioral research Disease control research. Disease control research. Humans are mainly used when testing drugs.

7. Medical Research Clinical Research occurs in the last stage of medical research. Clinical Research occurs in the last stage of medical research.

8. Biomedical Research Methods Chemical, mechanical, mathematical, and computer simulations. Strengths of models Computer simulations increases speed & efficiency of existing data. It provides a method of not using animals. Computer simulations increases speed & efficiency of existing data. It provides a method of not using animals.

9. Limitations of models Can not replace laboratory testing. Can not replace laboratory testing.

10. In vitro tests “In glass” – takes place in an artificial environment. (Laboratory)

11. Strengths of vitro studies Critical to the study of a microorganism like a virus…which can only grow in living cells. Critical to the study of a microorganism like a virus…which can only grow in living cells.

12. Limitations of in vitro studies Cultures cannot tell us how a substance affects a complex animal system. Cultures cannot tell us how a substance affects a complex animal system.

13. Non-human models Non-human models Animals provide the best known surrogate for humans in the lab. Animals provide the best known surrogate for humans in the lab. Similarities between animals and humans outweigh differences. Similarities between animals and humans outweigh differences. Share the same structures (cells, tissues, organs) as humans. Share the same structures (cells, tissues, organs) as humans. The use of animals is governed by federal regulations.

14. Clinical Trials Phase 1 - first stage of human testing, typically enroll fewer than 100 volunteers. These studies are primarily concerned with assessing risks and side effects associated with a drug.

15. Phase II trials Enroll up to a few hundred volunteers with the condition the drug is designed to treat. Enroll up to a few hundred volunteers with the condition the drug is designed to treat. Focus is on determining the best dose of a drug. Focus is on determining the best dose of a drug. Scientists also watch for signs of effectiveness. Scientists also watch for signs of effectiveness.

16. Phase III trials Enroll several hundred to thousands of volunteers - multiple study sites nationwide. Provide the chief evidence for safety and effectiveness that the FDA will consider in deciding whether to approve a drug.

17. Phase IV trials The trial sponsor must monitor the health of individuals taking the drug to gain further insight into its long-term safety and effectiveness and the best way to use it. The trial sponsor must monitor the health of individuals taking the drug to gain further insight into its long-term safety and effectiveness and the best way to use it.

18. FDA Approval – Total = 11 - 12 years FDA Review – 2 - 2 ½ years Clinical Studies – Phase 1 – Safety studies – 1 year Clinical Studies – Phase 2 – Effectiveness – 2 years Clinical Studies – Phase 3 – Extensive clinical testing – 3 years Laboratory and Animal Studies – 3 - 3 ½ years Development of New Drug Steps

19. H1N1 Influenza Aka – Swine Flu

20. Benefits of Biomedical Research Contributions to human health 1.) Treatment for heart disease — heart-lung machine 2.) Treatment for cancer 3.) Treatment for diabetes 4.) Bone marrow transplants

21. 5.) Early vaccines 6.) Polio vaccine 7.) Chicken pox (Varicella) 8.) Hepatitis 9.) Fluoride-many countries add to water to decrease tooth decay. 10.) Penicillin & other antibiotics

22. Some examples of the benefits of Biomedical Research…

23. Treatment for heart disease heart-lung machine Revolutionized cardiac surgery 40 years ago. Revolutionized cardiac surgery 40 years ago.

24. Smallpox In 1967, the World Health Organization launched a global campaign to eradicate Smallpox. In 1967, the World Health Organization launched a global campaign to eradicate Smallpox.

25. Heart Disease The reduction of CIGARETTE SMOKING has decreased HEART disease by 40%. The reduction of CIGARETTE SMOKING has decreased HEART disease by 40%. An experimental drug for heart disease is currently in Phase I clinical trails. How long before it will be approved for public use? An experimental drug for heart disease is currently in Phase I clinical trails. How long before it will be approved for public use? 2,4,8, or 11 years 2,4,8, or 11 years

26. CANCER Cancer is the most studied in biomedical research efforts. Cancer is the most studied in biomedical research efforts. Gene therapy for treatment si currently being researched! Gene therapy for treatment si currently being researched!

27. Insulin 1 ST extracted from a cow’s pancreas & used to treat a 14 year old boy in 1922. Today we genetically engineer insulin. 1 ST extracted from a cow’s pancreas & used to treat a 14 year old boy in 1922. Today we genetically engineer insulin. Bacteria is used to produce human insulin. Bacteria is used to produce human insulin.

28. Chicken pox (Varicella) Is a highly contagious illness caused by primary infection with varicella zoster. Is a highly contagious illness caused by primary infection with varicella zoster. Today there is a vaccine to prevent chicken pox. Today there is a vaccine to prevent chicken pox.

29. Glucometer A device used to measure a persons blood sugar levels. Today there has been developed a machine that uses very little blood. A device used to measure a persons blood sugar levels. Today there has been developed a machine that uses very little blood.

30. Availability of Vaccines Why are children under 2 still not vaccinated with the recommended vaccines? Why are children under 2 still not vaccinated with the recommended vaccines? Fear of side effects and lack of education about diseases vaccines prevent!

31. Parents are not familiar with infectious diseases and have therefore become complacent about vaccinations….problem!

32. Polio vaccine The first was developed by Jonas Salk, first tested in 1952, and announced to the world by Salk on April 12, 1955. The first was developed by Jonas Salk, first tested in 1952, and announced to the world by Salk on April 12, 1955.

33. Dr. Albert Sabin Worked on a polio vaccine that could be administered orally. It was made from an attenuated (live organisms) virus. Worked on a polio vaccine that could be administered orally. It was made from an attenuated (live organisms) virus.

34. Biomedical Research Has had a profound impact on childhood cancer (leukemia) that, in the 1950’s, killed every child diagnosed with it within 6 months. Survival rate is 75 % now! Has had a profound impact on childhood cancer (leukemia) that, in the 1950’s, killed every child diagnosed with it within 6 months. Survival rate is 75 % now!

35. Biomedical Research Most commonly studied is cancer and genetic diseases Most commonly studied is cancer and genetic diseases Research on tooth decay lead to what element being added to the drinking H2O?

36. Alexander Fleming Discovered the antibiotic Penicillin. Penicillin is one of the earliest discovered and widely used antibiotic agents, derived from the Penicillium mold.

37. AIDS research continues (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) AIDS research continues (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) 1.) Began in early 1980s 1.) Began in early 1980s 2.) Caused by a virus 2.) Caused by a virus 3.) HIV infection progresses to AIDS when immune system is impaired & individual becomes susceptible to opportunistic infections. 3.) HIV infection progresses to AIDS when immune system is impaired & individual becomes susceptible to opportunistic infections.

38. Bodily fluids Bodily fluids Infected blood Infected blood Breast milk Breast milk Abstaining from sex Abstaining from sex Being aware if one’s partner is infected Being aware if one’s partner is infected Using condoms. Using condoms. Sterilized needles or sharing needles Sterilized needles or sharing needles Health workers should wash hands and use protective barriers, such as, gloves and goggles when handling infected blood. Health workers should wash hands and use protective barriers, such as, gloves and goggles when handling infected blood. Mothers infected with HIV should not breastfeed their child. Mothers infected with HIV should not breastfeed their child. Common sense preventive measures best way to prevent AIDS.