1. Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration Chapter 18 Review

2. Ch 18.1 Turkish Expansion Objectives Understand the Turkish migrations and imperial expansion and its consequences

3. Turkish Economy Nomadic herders; organized into clans with related languages Turks refer to a large group of peoples Central Asia's steppes: good for grazing, little rain, few rivers= no Complex Societies Nomads and their animals; few settlements Nomads drove their herds in migratory cycles Lived mostly on animal products limited amounts of millet, pottery, leather goods, iron

4. Turkish Society Fluidity of classes in nomadic society Two social classes: nobles and commoners Autonomous clans and tribes Religions: shamans, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity; 10 th cent Islam major Military organization Khan ("ruler") organized vast confederation (alliances) Outstanding cavalry forces, formidable military power

5. Saljuq Turks and the Abbasid empire Next to Abbasid, mid-8th to 10 th cent Moved in; served in Abbasid armies Controlled Abbasid caliphs by 11 th cent Puppet Gov’t Extended Turkish rule to Syria, Palestine, and more

6. Saljuq Turks & Byzantine empire Large # move into Anatolia, 11 th cent Manzikert 1071, Defeat Byzantine army Turning Point Byz down Turks up Made Anatolia an Islamic society

7. More Turkish Expansion Remember Mahmud? Attacks Northern India plunderer Ghaznavid Turks dominate northern India through sultanate of Delhi

8. End of Ch 18.1 Explain the Turkish migrations and their imperial expansion along with the consequences of these events

9. Ch 18.1 Mongol Empires Objectives Understand the Turkish migrations and imperial expansion and its consequences

10. Chinggis Khan makes the Mongol empire Chinggis Khan ("universal ruler") unified Mongol tribes through alliance and conquests Mongol political organization Organized new military units; broke up tribal affiliations Chose high officials based on talent and loyalty Established capital at Karakorum Strategy: horsemanship, archers, mobility, psychological warfare- scare the snot out of…

11. Mongol Conquest of northern China Raid Jurchen in north China in 1211 Controlled north China by 1220 South China ruled by Song dynasty

12. Mongol conquest of Persia 1218 CK tried to set up relations with Khwarazm shah Saljuq leader of Persia Rejected, bad idea- CK led force to pursue the Khwarazm Mongol destroy Persian cities & qanats CK dies 1227, foundation of empire set

13. Mongols after Chinggis Khan Empire run by Ogodai - CK’s son Continued conquest Dies in 1241 Empire divided -- four regional empires

14. Khubilai Khan CK grandson, consolidated Mongol rule in China Promoted Buddhism, supported Daoists, Muslims, and Christians Khubilai extends rule to all of China Hangzhou (Song) fell 1276, Yuan Dynasty founded in 1279 No Luck in of Vietnam, Burma, Java, and Japan

15. Mongol Rule in China Outlawed intermarriage between Mongols & Chinese Chinese couldn’t learn Mongol language Foreign administrators (Uighurs) put in charge End civil service examination, downfall of Confucian scholars Tolerated all cultural and religious traditions in China Lamaist Buddhism (Tibetan) became popular w/Mongols

16. The Golden Horde What a cool name! Mongols overran Russia 1237 - 1241 Invaded Poland, Hungary, & e Germany, 1241-1242 Had hegemony in Russia ‘til mid 15 th cent Hegemony- control by one person/group over others

17. The ilkhanate of Persia Hülegü, captured Baghdad in 1258 Persians served as ministers, governors, and local officials Mongols only cared about taxes and order Ilkhan Ghazan converted to Islam, 1295 massacres of Christians and Jews

18. End of Ch 18.2

19. Ch 18.3 xxx Objectives

20. Tamerlane (1336-1404) Had a limp, Timur was self-made built central Asian empire 1360s; capital in Samarkand Tamerlane's conquests First conquered Persia and Afghanistan Next attacked the Golden Horde At the end of the fourteenth century, invaded northern India Ruled the empire through tribal leaders who relied on existing bureaucrats to collect taxes Tamerlane's heirs struggled and divided empire into four regions

21. Ottoman Empire- Founding Osman Nomadic Turks migrated to Persia and Anatolia Osman, carves out a small state in northwest Anatolia Claimed independence from the Saljuq sultan in 1299

22. Ottoman Conquests The Balkans (SE Europe) in 1350s Sultan Mehmed II sacks Constantinople 1453, renamed it Istanbul Absorbed the remainder of the Byzantine empire 16 th cent, extended to southwest Asia, southeast Europe, and north Africa