1. Memory Module22 :Information Processing
Module 23:Forgetting and Memory Construction

2. There are Three steps in information processing
1. Encoding-or getting information into the memory system
2. Storage or retaining information in memory over time
3. Retrieval or getting information out of memory storage
Encode external events into memory
Memory storage
Retrieval of stored memories

3. Sources Thinking About Psychology-Second Edition
allpsych.com/psychology101/memory.htmlCach ed - Similar
Association for Psychological Science: Books

4. Automatic processing and Effortful Processing
Automatic processing is the unconscious process of remembering without any effort.
Effort processing encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Research shows that the most effective way of remembering is rehearsal the conscious repetition of information
Over learning – continuing to rehearse information you have already memorized

5. Serial Position Effect
Serial position effect- Tendency to recall the first and last items in a list more easily.
The primacy effect enhances are ability to recall items near the beginning
The regency effect enhances are ability to recall items near the end of the list
Spacing of rehearsal
An example is the difference between studying a week before the test and cramming the information a night before the test

6. Encoding Meaning Encoding imagery
Semantic processing encoding by meaning
Self reference effect enhanced semantic encoding of information that is personally relevant or relating it to your own life.
Encoding imagery
Encoding an image is more easy like remembering 9/11 we can remember this image

7. Mnemonic Devices Mnemonic devices is a memory trick or technique
Method of loci – associating items you want to remember with imaginary places
Peg word system associating items you want to remember with a list of words you have already remembered
Two is a shoe
Three is a tree
Four is a door

8. Organizing Information
Chunking-organizing information into meaningful units
Effectiveness of chunking
Give yourself 10 seconds to learn the letters in row 1.now row 2. the identical letters appear in both rows nut they are easier to remember if they are chunked
ROW1 RNN TYW KTYU ACDF OAHNSOO RTA UO UCR OYO
ROW 2 ASK NOT WHAT YOUR COUNTRY CAN DO FOR YOU

9. Sensory memory Short term memory
Humans have five main senses: sight, hearing , taste, smell, and touch sensory memory allows individuals to retain these impressions and relate them.
Short term memory
Part of your memory system that contains information you are consciously aware of before it is stored permanently or forgotten.
Short term memory decays rapidly within a few seconds most people cannot recall three consonants and by 20 sec they have completely los the three consonants

10. Long term Memory
Long term memory is the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
Flashbulb memory is a vivid clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Compare your memory to that of a Clarks nutcracker it can remember up to 6,000 places where it stored seeds for the winter.

11. Explicit and implicit memories
Explicit memory- memory of facts and experiences
Implicit memory- memory of skills and procedure
Types of long term memories
Explicit With conscious recall processed by Hippocampus
Implicit Without conscious recall (processed by the cerebellum)
Motor Skills (how to walk)
Cognitive skills (how to read)
Facts general knowledge ( the name of the largest ocean)
Personally experienced events (what I had for Breakfast)
A structure in the limbic system linked to explicit memory
Processes implicit memory as well as coordinating voluntary movement and balance

12. Retrieval Context effect State Dependency
Recall-information you must search as in a fill in the blank test
Recognition-type of retrieval in which you must identify items as a multiple choice test
Context effect
Context effect- describes the influence of environmental factors on one's perception of a stimulus.
State Dependency
Sate dependent memory enhances ability to retrieve information when you are in the same physical and emotional state you were in when you encoded the information

13. Forgetting as Encoding Failure
Which is the real penny?

14. Forgetting as Storage Failure
Permastore memory- long term memory that are especially resistant to forgetting and are likely to lat a life time
Forgetting as Retrieval Failure
Proactive interference- When an older memory disrupts the recall of a new one
Retroactive interference – when a more recent memory disrupts the recall of an older memory Motivated forgetting
repression –the process of moving anxiety producing memories to the unconscious mind

15. Sources Memory and Forgetting in Psychology 101 at AllPsych Online
allpsych.com/psychology101/memory.htmlCach ed - Similar
Thinking Psychology Second Edition
Association for Psychological Science: Books