1. Knowledge, language, values, customs, physical objects that help explain the behavior of a particular group or society

2.  MATERIAL—OBJECTS & HOW THEY ARE USED  NON-MATERIAL—IDEAS, VALUES, LANGUAGE, BELIEFS

3. Guidelines group members accept Ex: honesty Actual behavior Ex: cheating

4.  VERBAL AND WRITTEN RULES  SOCIAL INTERACTION  “SOCIAL MARKER”  Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis ◦ Languages differ-----perceptions different

5.  Biological basis for human behavior  Behavior that helps people adapt transmitted by genes  No sharp line between human & non human behavior ◦ Criticism—used to justify racial superiority

6.  Nature—reflexes, drives, genes  Vs.  Nurture-learn from others how to control social behavior  Which one is more important????

7.  OBJECTS, GESTURES AND IMAGES THAT HAVE MEANING  EXAMPLES—FLAG, “BLACK POWER”, PEACE SIGN

8.  GENERAL IDEA THAT PEOPLE SHARE ABOUT WHAT IS GOOD OR BAD  EXAMPLES: CIVIL RIGHTS, COMPETITION  VALUES CAN COMPLEMENT OR COMPETE WITH EACH OTHER

9.  SPECIFIC GUIDELINE FOR BEHAVIOR  EXAMPLES: SMOKING, DATING RULES

10.  EVERYDAY HABITS  IF YOU VIOLATE A FOLKWAY, YOU ARE CONSIDERED A “SLOB”

11.  NORMS VITAL TO THE WELL BEING AND TO OUR VALUES  EXAMPLES—NO INCEST ◦ Strong punishment if you are caught

12.  RULES OF A POLITICAL BODY  EXAMPLES—TRAFFIC, MURDER, ABUSE  Come from mores & norms

13. Positive Formal “honor roll” Informal “good job” Negative Formal “jail time” Informal “frown”

14.  DIVERSITY ◦ Many groups share social characteristics & keep sharing cultural traits  SUBCULTURE VS. DOMINANT CULTURE ◦ Part of dominant culture but different  COUNTERCULTURES ◦ Not part of dominant culture; no shared values  ETHNOCENTRISM ◦ One culture better than another; judging

15.  1-discovery  2-invention (innovation)  3-diffusion ◦ Borrowing & accepting an invention or innovation  4-acculturation ◦ 2 cultures meet and change

16. General traits all cultures have Based on physical environment & similar problems to fix Ex: marriage, death rituals Cultural Universals Ways in which universals are expressed Specific to each group More specific to individual culture Cultural Particulars