1. Technological Advancement and Emission Control Dr. Badar Munir Khan Ghauri Remote Sensing and Geo-Information Science Institute of Space Technology - Karachi

2. Automobiles 1900: essentially no automobiles 1920s: due to paved roads and mass production of automobiles there was more travel by automobiles than be railroads

6. Health Effects Are Extremely Serious »World Health Organization Concludes ~ 800,000 Premature Deaths Each Year From Urban PM »Numerous Studies Consistently Link PM With Premature Deaths, Hospital Admissions, Asthma Attacks, Etc. »No Evidence of a Threshold »Ozone, NO 2, Toxics Also A Serious Health Concern

10. Ref:URL: www.sdpi.org

14. Why Are Fuels Important? »Fuel Constituents Directly Affect Emissions »Fuel Changes Can Immediately Impact on Emissions/Air Quality »Fuel Composition Can Enable/Disable Pollution Control Technology

15. Motivation For Improved Fuel Qualities - Gasoline  Carbon monoxide (CO)  Hydrocarbons (HC)  Nitrogen oxides (NO X )  Lead (Pb)  Sulfur (SO 2 )  Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)  Greenhouse Gases Improved fuel qualities Improved air quality Environmental benefits Reduced emissions  Gasoline - Lead  Gasoline –Sulfur  Gasoline – Other  RVP  Benzene  Olefins, etc  Improved human health  Reduced corrosion  Improved crop yield  Less acidification, eutrophication and forest damage Climate Change

22. Compliance with standards: Improved fuels 500 ppm needed for EGR 500 ppm needed for DOC 50 ppm needed for DPF DPFs ceases to reduce PM emissions with fuels containing 150 ppm sulphur DPFs become source of PM emissions with 350 ppm sulphur fuel Alternative Fuels: Diesel, Biodiesel, Natural Gas, Ethanol Combination of fuel and technology  Hybrid  Electric

25. The Three-way Catalytic Converter: A Familiar Technology Re- Engineered for High Performance in Close-coupled and Underfloor Applications Layered washcoat architectures and support materials with high thermal stability Integrated HC adsorption functions Mounting materials with improved durability High cell density ceramic or metallic substrates Insulation schemes for heat management Can Only Be Used With Lead Free Fuel

26. 26 PM and NOx Reduction Technologies Majority of Engine Manufacturers will use Diesel Particulate Filters and SCR to meet US 2010 and Euro VI standards from www.factsaboutscr.com

29. Future Trends

30. Light rail transit (LRT) -Less-massive than other rail systems (street cars and trolleys) -Trolley is an electric streetcar that draws power from a live suspended wire -1998: state legislature in Minnesota approved $40 million towards a light rail project in Minneapolis

31. Buses -Buses are beginning to run more and more on biodiesel and natural gas -Ballard Power Systems of Vancouver has developed and demonstrated the world’s first hydrogen fuel cell-powered city transit bus -Compressed natural gas vs. hybrid buses vs. diesel buses

32. -Hydrogen is most abundant element in universe, easy to produce -Converts hydrogen and oxygen to water, heat, and electricity Hydrogen Fuel Cells -Less pollutants and emissions because not a combustion reaction -Safety is uncertain- H 2 is highly flammable, hazardous to ingest -Challenges include: cost; durability; size; air, thermal, and water management; heat recovery systems

33. Electric Vehicles Toyota Rav-4 EV: over 300 operating in US today, collectively traveled over 1 million miles, reach 80 mph -Energy from direct connection to land-based generation plant -Chemical energy stored on board -Propelled by electric motor -Generator converts fuel and repowers battery

34. -Saves money (gas) -Uses recyclable materials -90% conversion efficiency -Better control -Regenerative breaking -90% cleaner than gas-powered cars -Eliminate smog checks, tune ups, oil changes, gears, torque converters, differentials The GM EV1 Pros

35. Cons -Fragile -Sensitive to contamination -Require external reactants such as hydrogen -Batteries require unstable chemicals and must be recycled The Nissan Altra

36. Hybrid Cars -Mix between gasoline-powered car and an electric car -Rising fuel costs and better designs are making hybrids more and more competitive Hybrids have smaller, more efficient gas engines Gas engines on conventional cars are sized for peak power requirement which is used by drivers less than 1% of the time Regenerative breaking—hybrid cars capture some of the energy usually lost through heat when a car breaks and stores it in the battery

37. Summary It may be a long process, however: »Improved fuel and technologies are very important for public health, the environment and climate change »Because emissions in the transport sector are growing rapidly this is one of many important ways to reduce emissions.

38. THANK YOU