1. Transforming Transportation: Now and for the Future Jack Kitowski May 10, 2001 Air Resources Board California Environmental Protection Agency Air, Energy & Transportation Challenges

2. Transforming Transportation: Transforming Transportation: Overview Goal: Clean and healthful air Progress: –L–Light-duty Vehicles Zero Emission Vehicles Advanced Transportation –H–Heavy-duty Vehicles Transit Buses Vision: “conventional technologies and fuels are not enough”

3. Air Resources Board’s Goal Ensure all individuals in California, especially children and the elderly, can live, work and play in a healthful environment -- free from harmful exposure to air pollution.

4. Air Quality Trends Highest Ozone: Greater Los Angeles Standard

5. +87% Daily VMT Increasing Faster Than Population

6. Transforming Transportation: Light-duty vehicles

7. Reducing Motor Vehicle Emissions in California 1990 Low Emission Vehicle (LEVI) Program –E–Emissions reduced 50% - 75% –V–Vehicle + fuel = system –Z–ZEV Mandate: 10% of sales Resulting technologies: –B–Better fuel control –C–Catalysts: Quick warm-up –O–On-board diagnostics –E–EVs, hybrids, natural gas, fuel cells

8. LEVII: “Near Zero” Emissions HC NOx (g/mile) LEV I LEV II Phase 3

9. Transforming Transportation: Cars and Light Trucks Gasoline engines: Near-zero vehicle emissions possible –2000 & 2001 Nissan Sentra CA –Honda ZLEV Emissions remain from fuel distribution –Terminals –Cargo tankers –Service stations

10. Fuel Distribution Emissions vs. Cleanest Gasoline Car* Fuel Distribution Tailpipe* * PZEV

11. Transforming Transportation: Cars and Light Trucks Nissan Sentra CA

12. Transforming Transportation: Cars and Light Trucks Battery electric vehicles: >2000 on-road in California No vehicle emissions - ever! Minimal fuel distribution emissions (in CA) Better efficiency (lower CO 2 ) Low operating cost Limited range ~70 miles High battery cost

13. Transforming Transportation: Cars and Light Trucks Toyota RAV4

14. Transforming Transportation: Cars and Light Trucks Ford Ranger

15. Transforming Transportation: Cars and Light Trucks Daimler- Chrsler EPIC

16. Transforming Transportation: Cars and Light Trucks Honda EV Plus

17. Transforming Transportation: Cars and Light Trucks Nissan Altra

18. Transforming Transportation: Cars and Light Trucks Ford Th!nk - City

19. Transforming Transportation: Cars and Light Trucks Toyota Ecom

20. Transforming Transportation: Cars and Light Trucks Fuel cell electric vehicles: DaimlerChrysler NECAR, Ford P2000.... California Fuel Cell Partnership Zero or near zero emissions No range limits Better efficiency (low CO 2 ) Cost reduction needed

21. Transforming Transportation: Cars and Light Trucks DaimlerChrysler Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle

22. Revisiting the ZEV Mandate: 2001 Mandate stays –Reduce uncertainty –No more reviews Modify to address –Near term availability –Cost –Market sustainability

23. Key Elements of the Revised Mandate More gradual phase-in –Lower numbers early years Incentives needed for new technologies –Hybrids & natural gas vehicles count toward up to half of ZEV requirement. –Bigger credits for early introduction (4x) –Bigger credits for hydrogen fuel cells (10x) –Efficiency credits Extend and increase mandate beyond 2010

24. ZEVs: Revised Mandate 10 % Mandate 2 % ZEV 6 % PZEV 2 % Hybrids, natural gas 2 %

25. Transforming Transportation: Cars and Light Trucks Natural gas engines –Near-zero tailpipe emissions –No evaporation emissions –Minimal fuel distribution emissions –Adequate range: ~ 200 miles –~ $3,000 premium –Home refueling possible

26. Transforming Transportation: Cars and Light Trucks 2001 Honda Civic GX (natural gas)

27. Transforming Transportation: Cars and Light Trucks Hybrid electric vehicles: –No range limitations With ‘no all electric range’ –2000 Honda Insight, Toyota Prius –Big 3: Diesel hybrids, “light” hybrids –No urban emission advantages –Better efficiency (lower CO 2 ) With ‘electric range’ –Emission advantages of battery EV

28. Transforming Transportation: Cars and Light Trucks Honda Insight

29. Transforming Transportation: Cars and Light Trucks Toyota Prius

30. Transforming Transportation: Transforming Transportation: (ZEV Sales Requirement in CA) Assumes equal mix of full function and city EVs

31. Transforming Transportation: Transforming Transportation: (Preliminary Sales Requirements) ZEVs Hybrids & CNG

32. Transforming Transportation: Heavy-duty vehicles

33. Transforming Transportation: Transforming Transportation: Urban Transit Buses New bus emission standards –90% lower emissions –Ultra-low sulfur (15 ppm) fuel –Two paths: Diesel or Alternative fuel Older buses –Retrofit with soot filters –Ultra-low sulfur fuel Zero emission buses –Likely fuel cells, Demos: 2003 –15% purchase requirement: beginning 2008

34. Transforming Transportation: Heavy-Duty Trucks & Buses CNG Transit Bus

35. Transforming Transportation: Heavy-Duty Trucks & Buses Fuel cell engines: Transit buses –Hydrogen fueled –Zero emissions –Fuel efficiency better than diesel –Commercial as soon as 2002 –Challenge: Cost reduction Other applications –Line haul trucks, locomotives

36. Transforming Transportation: Heavy-Duty Trucks & Buses Ballard Fuel Cell Engine

37. Vision for the Future Light-duty vehicle fleet being transformed: – natural gas vehicles, hybrids, battery electric vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles Your vehicle choices will increase dramatically over the next 5-10 years ! Heavy-duty trucks/buses being transformed: –n–natural gas and fuel cell vehicles

38. Transforming Transportation: Now and for the Future Jack Kitowski Air, Energy & Transportation Challenges