2.  Political, Economic, & Social factors lie at the heart of all conflict and/or cooperation.  Political: of or related to power and its distribution  Economic: of or related to money and its distribution  Social: of or related to lifestyle & quality of life  Empires all follow the same stages of development, maturity, and decline.  The creation of systems allows for the development and growth of empires; when these systems collapse so do the empires.

4.  Every empire inevitably develops its own systems in order to sustain itself.  What are the political, economic, and social systems of the Ottoman empire?  The Timar system  The Devshirme system  The Millet system

5.  Timar: land granted by Ottoman Sultan  Timariot: recipient of land grant  Timars are temporary and are not hereditary like in the feudal system;  They were given in exchange for military service  Timars had 2 very important purposes:  Meant costs for military were kept to a minimum because the timar was the pay  It promoted conquest with an incentive for constant fighting thus allowing the Ottoman to continually expand

6.  Take a second to chat with a neighbor and explain how/why the Timar system is one or more of the following?

7.  Divsherme system started under Murad I  Tax of one child every 3-4 years in order to develop the Janissary corps; initially non Muslim  The brightest were sent to school and were trained for civil service eventually becoming viziers  Opened to Muslims around 1560 and divsherme ended entirely by 1650s

9.  Take a second to chat with a neighbor and explain how/why the Divsherme system is one or more of the following?

10.  Set up by Mehmet II after conquering of Constantinople to bring Christian Byzantines into Ottoman rule  Allowed religious groups to rule themselves  Each millet ruled by a patriarch  Patriarch is chosen by community & reports to Ottoman leadership  Patriarch is intermediary between the millet in Ottomans  Patriarch is responsible for making sure the millet submits to Ottoman rules

11.  A tax paid by members of the millet  Enforced on able-bodied adult men of military age  Payment acknowledged submission to Ottoman rulership and laws  Payment exempted them from zakat and military service  Guaranteed lives and property would be protected  Allowed for peaceful coexistence within Ottoman empire. The Pax Ottomanica

12.  Take a second to chat with a neighbor and explain how/why the millet system is one or more of the following?

13.  What is the timar system and what are two reasons it is important to the Ottoman empire?  How is the timar similar/different to Europe’s feudal system?  How is the millet similar/different to Europe’s feudal system?  How is jizya similar/different to divsherme?  How do any of these systems relate to Ratzel’s Organic State Theory?