1. Chapter 21 Presented by: Eric Woolard, Michi Elko, Tylar Foster, Jason Kaatz, Jacob Frank, Evonne McCoach, Martin Rahn & Grant Harding

2. 21.1Let your own argument determine your use of sources.  Depending on your argument, you might summarize a source or just use a few pieces of information.  The writer’s goal is not to reproduce an article but to use the article in support of the writer’s argument.  For Ex: 3 different writers might use the same article because they are using only certain information.

3. 21.2 Know when and how to use summary, paraphrase, and quotation.  Depending on your purpose you might: 1. Summarize all or part of a source author’s argument. 2. Paraphrase a relevant portion of a source. 3. Quote small passages from the source directly.

4.  Whenever you use the source, you need to avoid plagiarism by referencing the source with an in-text citation  By putting paraphrases and summaries entirely in your own words  Placing quotation marks around quoted passages  Make the summary as concise as possible so that you don’t distract the reader from your own argument.

5.  Paraphrasing:  When the source is overly technical and needs to be simplified.  Avoid reproducing the original writer’s grammatical structure and syntax.  “Patchwriting”: patching some of your language into someone else’s writing. Note: is considered academic dishonesty because you aren’t fully composing your own sentences

6.  Quoting  Don’t quote something that you don’t completely understand  Be careful to represent the author’s intentions and meaning fairly  When you need testimony from an authority

7. 21.3Use attributive tags to distinguish your ideas from a source’s.  State source authors name in an attributive tag. Ex. “According to Bacon”  Then place a page number in parenthesis  State source authors name in parenthetical citation. Ex. “Frontier violence was very different from violence today”  Ex: (McGrath 553).

8.  Attributive tags  Mark where source material starts and ends  Identifies the source from the moment it is first used  Avoid Ambiguities that can arise with the parenthetical citations  Attributive tags always call attention to the source’s angle of vision  Frame the source material rhetorically  Shapes the readers’ attitudes toward the source

9. Strategies for Modifying Attributive Tags to Shape Reader Response:  Author’s credentials or relevant specialty  Author’s lack of credentials  Author’s political or social views  Title of source if it provides context  Publisher of source if it adds prestige or otherwise shapes audience response  Historical or cultural information about the source  Indication of source’s purpose or angle of vision

10. 21.4 Punctuate quotations correctly.  Quoting a complete sentence -Include an attributive tag that the reader who is being quoted. -At the end of the quotation, you usually indicate its page number in parenthesis.  Inserting quoted words and phrases into your own sentences. -make sure that the grammatical structure of the quotation fits smoothly into the grammar of your own sentence.  Modifying a quotation - In some cases you use brackets.

11.  Omitting something from a quoted Passage  To indicate omission, use three space periods called an ellipsis (…)  Quoting something that already contains a quotation  Change the original double marks (“) into signle marks (‘)  Using a block quotation for a long passage

12. 21.5 Avoid plagiarism by following academic conventions for ethical use of sources  Plagiarism: unethical use of sources.  Many instructors across the curriculum use plagiarism–detection software like turnitin.com  What to do to avoid plagiarism -read your colleges policy on plagiarism. -Pose a research question rather than a topic area. -create a bibliographic entry for each source.

13.  Why to do it: -understanding policies on plagiarism and academic integrity will help you research and write ethically. -Arguing your own thesis gives you a voice, establishes your ethos, and urges you to write ethically. -It is important to distinguish a source’s words from your own words.