1. Digital Logic Circuits (Part 1) Computer Architecture (Fall 2006)

2. Electronics for Boolean Algebra Interconnected set of Transistors called Circuits –Transistors are Electronic Switches Turn “On” or “Off” –Depending on input voltages –Used to implement Boolean expressions Transistor A B C (AB)+C

3. Logic Gates Developing large circuits is complex –Drawing many transistors is cumbersome –Makes the circuit diagram unwieldy Hard to illustrate and comprehend Solution: Logic Gates –Abstract notation for common logic circuits Functionally similar to set of transistors –Simpler to develop and use

4. Basic Gates Corresponding to basic operations in Boolean Algebra –NOT Gate –AND Gate –OR Gate AA A B A+B A B AB Input Output Data always flows in a unidirectional manner from inputs to outputs of the logic gates!

5. Commonly used Gates Other commonly used gates –NAND –NOR –XOR A B (AB) A B (A+B) A B ABAB The circle (or bubble) indicates inversion or NOT operation. You may add this circle (or bubble) at the output or input of any gate!

6. Equations to Circuits Convert Boolean equations to Logic Circuits Logic circuits drawn on paper are often also called Schematics –Straightforward process Convert each operator to a Logic Gate –Suitably connect inputs and output Pay attention to crossing lines versus connected lines Label all inputs and outputs A BA A No relationship between A & B. These two lines/wires are the same! A B No relationship between A & B. This is preferred!

7. Example 1 ABCD –(AB)(CD) A B AB C D CD ABCD A B C D Standard Version (With 2-input Gates) Shortcut Version (n-Input Gates) There are a few aspects to consider when using the shortcut version: 1.All gates must be the same 2.Input to output transformation must be straightforward

8. Example 2 Convert English to logic circuit –Output O is A, if C=1 B, if C=0 Solution –O = (AC)+(BC) A B C AC BC O=(AC)+(BC) Shortcut for NOT operation.

9. Design & Verification The graphical representation of logic circuits is called a schematic. These days schematics are developed and verified using software –Modern software provide “virtual” components for developing schematics Components include logic gates, ICs, and other electronic devices including both digital and analog devices –Software ease interconnection between components –Logic circuits are verified using simulation There is a lot that goes into the simulations and it is an active area of research and development. There are a wide variety of schematic software available from various companies –In this course we will use a software packaged called MultiSIM from National Instruments Inc.

10. MultiSIM –Feature roundup: Is a popular, industry standard, software from National Instruments Inc. It is widely used for prototyping digital (and analog) circuits. The software provides many virtual components for developing schematics Include simulation engine and graphical interface for verification Schematics can be used to directly synthesize Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) for mounting the physical integrated circuits and devices. –In this course we will be using MultiSIM to: Design logic circuits Verify their correct operation through simulation. –The process will enable you to obtain a good understanding of logic circuits and their operational characteristics. –Note that MultiSIM is installed on all SEAS computers. But SEAS does not have student licenses for the software

11. Starting MultiSIM Start MultiSIM via the Windows menu options shown below: –Start→ EAS Applications → Engineering Apps → MultiSIM 9 → MultiSIM 9 It does take about 10-15 seconds for the software to startup (and it looks like nothing is happening)

12. Using MultiSIM This area (with a grid) is where you will develop your schematics. Click the “Misc Digital” icon to select a logic gate to be placed. (All of these buttons pretty much take you to the same set of options) Use these buttons to Start/Stop the simulation or pause it after you have completed design of a schematic.

13. Selecting Component to Place On clicking this icon you will be presented in the dialog box shown below. Select component to place on your schematic from this dialog box. Choose appropriate “ Group ” and “ Family ” settings to view corresponding subset of components in the adjacent “ Component: ” menu Choose appropriate “ Component ” to place in schematic from this list and then click the button. Preview of the component is shown here.

14. Placing & Connecting Components To place a component in the schematic –Selected a component as described in the previous slide Refer to the ComponentList.doc file off Blackboard for a list of commonly used components and their locations in MultiSIM –Press the button The selected component will tag along with your mouse cursor Click (left mouse button) at the appropriate location in the schematic area (gridded area as shown below) to place a component

15. Connecting Components Once you have placed two components on the schematic you can connect pins of the components by –However over a pin of a component –The mouse cursor will turn into a cross hair –Click on a pin and move the mouse to the next pin (or wire) to connect components Don’t drag the mouse with the left-mouse-button depressed! Release the mouse button and move the mouse

16. Simulation Once you have completed your schematic –You must verify correct operation using simulation –Click simulate button ( ) to start simulation –You may toggle status of switches using spacebar –For dip switches you need to use number (1,2,…,9) keys to toggle their status

17. General Selection Logic Develop a circuit to select 1 of the given 5 inputs –Let the inputs be A, B, C, D, & E –Assign unique combinations of 1s and 0s to identify each Input Given n inputs you need k bits such that 2 k >=n In this case n=5 and therefore k=3 Let selection variables be s 1, s 2, and s 3 S1S1 S2S2 S3S3 O 000A 001B 010C 011D 100E

18. General Selection (Cont.) Boolean equation for the example: –O=(AS 1S 2S 3 )+(BS 1S 2S 3 )+(CS 1S 2S 3 )+(DS 1S 2S 3 ) +(ES 1S 2S 3 ) S1S1 S2S2 S3S3 O 000A 001B 010C 011D 100E

19. Logic Circuit for Selector S3S3 S2S2 S1S1 C A B D E O

20. Multiplexer (Mux) Select 1 given N circuits are called Multiplexers –Have N inputs –K selection lines Such that 2 k >= N –1 output line N x K Multiplexer N inputs K select lines

21. De-Multiplexer (DeMux) Move 1 input bit to selected output line –1 Input –N Output lines –K selection lines Such that 2 K >=N N x K De-Multiplexer 1 Input K select lines N Outputs

22. De-Multiplexer Logic Circuit 1 X 4 De-Multiplexer S2S2 S1S1 A AS 1S 2