1. “Tools” of Foreign Policy

2. (Actions taken in pursuit of interests) “Tools” of Foreign Policy
National Interests
Foreign Policy
(Actions taken in pursuit of interests)
“Tools” of Foreign Policy
(Specific actions)

3. “Carrot – and – stick”
Originated from the traditional alternatives of getting a donkey to move by either holding out a carrot or whipping it with a stick.

4. Carrot–and–stick foreign policy:
The phrase ''carrot and the stick'' is used nowadays to characterize a foreign policy by which a nation…

6. Key “Tools” of Foreign Policy
What are they? The specific actions … Three groups:

7. Diplomatic Tools Diplomacy:
“Tool of first resort” used to resolve differences peacefully.
Carried out by
(Official representatives of a
country).

8. Current Secretary of State?

9. Negotiates agreements with foreign countries.
Secretary of State heads State Department
Advises President on
Negotiates agreements with foreign countries.
Represents the U.S. abroad and in international
organizations.

10. Diplomacy may involve summits (face to face talks) between world leaders / heads of state.
Bilateral summits
Multilateral summit

11. Diplomatic Relations:
The formal contact established between two governments that
Diplomatic recognition is
extended to each other’s
governments.
_____________________are exchanged.
_______________________are opened in each
other’s capitals.

13. Marines Guarding U.S. Embassy in Baghdad

14. Countries the U.S. does NOT have diplomatic relations with:*
Iran
Bhutan
Taiwan*

15. Diplomacy can lead to formation of alliances.
Formal agreements
between nations to
defend each other
in the case of attack.
Based on the idea of collective security.

16. Our most important alliance?
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NATO meeting at NATO headquarters
in Brussels, Belgium.

17. NATO’s Expansion: 28 Members Today
1949
U.S.
Canada
U.K.
France
Italy
Portugal
Iceland
Norway
Belgium
Netherlands
Denmark
Luxembourg
1952
Greece
Turkey
1955
West Germany
1982
Spain
1990
East Germany
1999
Poland
Hungary
Czech Republic
2004
Slovenia
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Romania
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
2009
Croatia
Albania

18. NATO Today

19. Major “Non-NATO Allies” of the U.S.
South Korea
Japan
Thailand
Philippines
Morocco
Egypt
Jordan
Israel
Kuwait
Qatar
Pakistan
Argentina
Australia
New Zealand

20. Sanctions are punishments or penalties imposed on a targeted
Diplomatic Sanctions
Sanctions are punishments or
penalties imposed on a targeted
state to persuade that state to
change its behavior.
Examples of diplomatic sanctions:
Breaking off relations.

21. Relations Between States Remember: Eddie’s Dad Raised Normal Ducks
Engagement
Détente
Rapprochement
Normalization
Diplomatic Relations
Terms Related to Diplomacy
and Attempts to Improve
Relations Between States
Remember: Eddie’s Dad Raised Normal Ducks

22. Terms Related to Diplomacy
A policy of involvement with another country through direct talks and negotiations in an effort to improve relations.

23. Terms Related to Diplomacy
An easing of tensions or a decrease in the level of
hostility between states.

24. Terms Related to Diplomacy
Means “to approach” or come together with the intent of establishing or reestablishing friendly relations.
Describes a reconciliation between nations that have had poor relations.

25. Terms Related to Diplomacy
The establishment or reestablishment of full diplomatic relations between nations. The governments extend recognition to each other at this point.

26. Economic Tools
Economic rewards:
Foreign Aid

27. 0.6% What percentage of the U.S. federal budget is spent on
foreign aid?
0.6%
What percentage
of the U.S. federal
budget should go
towards foreign
aid?

28. Economic Rewards (con’t)
The lifting (removal)
of ________________

29. Economic Punishments:
Sanctions
Boycotts
Refusal to buy
Cut off all trade
Trade restrictions:
Taxes on imports
Quotas
Limits on imports

30. Economic Sanctions Are Controversial l
Critics say...
They can backfire by isolating sanctioned countries or causing their leaders to become even more repressive or aggressive.
They hurt U.S. businesses by cutting the markets in which they can sell their products.
Discussion on Failure of Sanctions

31. III. Tools Related to Military Force
Part of a policy of coercion
(Attempting to force or compel
another state to do something)
Carries high costs and serious risks. Human lives are at stake.

32. The strategic positioning of military forces around the world.
Using Military Force … Many Options:
The strategic positioning of military forces around the world.

34. Would include… Clandestine activities Secret / undercover
Subversive activities.
Designed to undermine/
overthrow a government.
Espionage
Spying
Covert CIA Op Valerie Plame

38. “Boots on the Ground”
Iraq
Afghanistan