1. The Lebanon - Israel Conflict of 2006 The Global Effects and its Aftermath Colonel (Dr) Emmanuel Kotia Visiting Lecturer, International Conflict Management Kennesaw State University

2. Introduction

3. Aims and Objectives To give a brief background of the crisis between Israel and Lebanon with timelines since 1967 To highlight the immediate causes of the 33-day war in Lebanon which started on 12 July 2006 To outline the Hezbollah weaponry and Israeli tactics during the height of the 33 day war To examine the Global Effects of the crisis in Lebanon and the way forward for the international community To briefly highlight the UN Peace Efforts in Lebanon To make some conclusions @ekotia

4. Background of the Conflict @ekotia

5. Background of Conflict Timeline Notes Palestinians used Lebanon as a base for activities against Israel since 1967 Israel raided Beirut airport on 28 December 1968 in retaliation after the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) attack on an Israeli plane in Athens – 13 civilians planes destroyed @ekotia

6. Background of Conflict Timeline Notes On 14/15 March 1978 Israel launched a major invasion of Lebanon in reprisal for a Palestinian attack into its territory. Israel occupied Lebanese land as far as the Litani River @ekotia

7. Background of Conflict Timeline Notes UNSC passed Resolution 425 and 426 calling on Israel to withdraw from all Lebanese territory and established UNIFIL in 1978 By 13 June 1978 Israel handed over the occupied territory in South Lebanon not to UNIFIL but to its proxy mainly Christian Lebanon In 1982 following the attempted assassination of the Israeli Ambassador to United Kingdom (Shlomo Argov), Israel launched a full scale invasion of Lebanon (Operation Peace for Galilee)

8. Background of Conflict Timeline Notes Hezbollah militia group formed in Lebanon in 1982 aimed at pursuing Israel to withdraw from Lebanese territory @ekotia

9. Background of Conflict Timeline Notes On 14 September 1982 Israeli forces occupied West Beirut On 24 September 1982 a MNF from US, France and Italy arrived in Beirut at the request of Lebanon and created a Buffer Zone – Israel withdrew from Beirut On 23 October 1983, 241 US Marines and 56 French paratroopers were killed in two bomb explosions in Beirut claimed by Shia groups – withdrawal of MNF On 28 July 1989 Hezbollah leader in Jibshit is abducted by Israeli forces @ekotia

10. Background of Conflict Timeline Notes Israel and Lebanon signed an agreement on Israeli withdrawal, ending hostilities and establishing a security zone in South Lebanon on 17 May 1983

11. Background of Conflict - Timeline Notes In 1991 the National Assembly of Lebanon ordered the dissolution of all militias but Hezbollah was allowed to remain active and the South Lebanese Army refused to disband On 16 February 1992, Shaykh Abbas al-Musawi Secretary General of Hezbollah is killed by Israeli helicopter gunship attack in Sidon On 11 April 1996 Israel bombed Hezbollah bases in South Lebanon, South Beirut and Biqa (Operation Grapes of Wrath) The US negotiates a truce and an understanding under which Hezbollah and Palestinian guerrillas agreed not to attack civilians in Northern Israel and recognized Israel’s right to self defense but also Hezbollah’s right to resist Israeli occupation @ekotia

12. Background of Conflict Israel withdraws from South Lebanon in May 2000 Israel withdraws from South Lebanon in May 2000 Hezbollah raises Shebaa Farms issue Hezbollah raises Shebaa Farms issue @ekotia

13. Immediate Causes of War Hezbollah stepped up demands for Israel to withdraw from Shebaa Farms Linkage of the capture of an Israeli soldier at Gaza Hezbollah launched rockets at Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) positions along the Blue Line on 28 May 2006 A major counter attack by IDF destroying major Hezbollah positions along the Blue Line Capture of two Israeli soldiers in an ambush and subsequent Israeli attacks on 12 July 2006 An immediate Israeli response with artillery and air raids on all Hezbollah positions followed leading to outbreak of war @ekotia

14. The Hezbollah Militia Began as a guerrilla force in South Lebanon in 1982 Over the years evolved a complex military infrastructure Long range arsenal comes from assorted missiles Holds in stock short range Katyushas capable of striking targets of about 25 km (16 miles) @ekotia

15. Ra-ad 1 Missile 333 m – Diameter, 100 KG warheads @ekotia

16. Hezbollah Weapons -Fajr 3 – 45 Km -Fajr 5 – 75 Km -Zelzal 2 – 200 Km -Radar guided C- 802 missile (Chinese made)

17. Katysusha

18. Zelzal – 2 Rockets Launchers

19. Hezbollah Rocket Arsenal

20. Hezbollah Potential Targets in Israel @ekotia

21. Israeli Attacks and Tactics Air raids on Hezbollah Targets/Supply Points Air raids on Hezbollah Targets/Supply Points @ekotia

22. Israeli Attacks and Tactics Use of Jet Fighters, Helicopters. Artillery, Tanks to weaken Hezbollah infrastructure and strong points Use of Jet Fighters, Helicopters. Artillery, Tanks to weaken Hezbollah infrastructure and strong points Blockade of Lebanon by Land, Air and Sea Blockade of Lebanon by Land, Air and Sea

23. Effects of Israeli Attacks @ekotia

24. Effects of Israeli Attacks Israeli Attacks Qana Attack on School Children by Israeli Air Raids

25. Cross Border Attacks Major casualties on Israelis by Hezbollah Major casualties on Israelis by Hezbollah MEDEVAC at Haifa

26. Global Effects of the War Emergence of the devastating effect of long range missiles in urban areas Attacks on airport and economic infrastructure – airline business was affected seriously

27. Global Effects of the Conflict Political and military successes of a militia group in public opinion- Hezbollah Provision of social services/popularity in elections/ served as inspiration to Palestinian factions in Gaza

28. Global Effects of the Conflict Traditional and Human Security Issues Refugees to Syria Displaced Persons Food/Shelter/Health

29. Global Effects of the Conflict Oil prices hike above $78 per barrel Definition of self defense and proportionality – UN Charter The limitations of air war experienced by the Israelis – unable to stop firing of missiles and movement by Hezbollah forces The use of tunnels in asymmetric warfare – Hezbollah and Hamas Created political tension in the Middle East vis-à-vis USA Foreign Policy @ekotia

30. Global Effects of the Conflict International attention shifted swiftly to Lebanon and Israel at the expense of other conflict areas International attention shifted swiftly to Lebanon and Israel at the expense of other conflict areas

31. Global Effects of the Conflict Anguish and anger in the Muslim world Anguish and anger in the Muslim world

32. Global Effects of the Conflict Created international media attention with imbedded journalist Created international media attention with imbedded journalist Images from the media in Lebanon

33. The UN Peace Plan for Lebanon

34. UN Mandate - UNSCR 1701 Monitor the cessation of hostilities Accompany and support the LAF as they deploy throughout South Lebanon Coordinate its activities related to the preceding task with the Governments of Lebanon and Israel Extend assistance to help ensure humanitarian access to civilian populations and the voluntary and safe return of displaced persons Assist the Government of Lebanon to secure its borders and other entry points to prevent entry into Lebanon without its consent arms or related material Assist LAF in taking steps towards establishment between the Blue Line and Litani River area of free armed personnel, assets and weapons @ekotia

35. Strategic End state of UNIFIL The government of Lebanon exercises its sovereign authority within its internationally recognized borders. Full implementation of the relevant provisions of the Taif Accords. No weapons or authority in Lebanon other than of the Lebanese State – Conditions are established to support a lasting peace in the region The government of Lebanon exercises its sovereign authority within its internationally recognized borders. Full implementation of the relevant provisions of the Taif Accords. No weapons or authority in Lebanon other than of the Lebanese State – Conditions are established to support a lasting peace in the region @ekotia

36. Main Phases of UN Peace Plan Phase 1 – Cessation of hostilities Phase 2 – IDF Disengagement Phase 3 – Transitional Phase, Assistance to the LAF in the achievement of its full operational capacity Phase 4 – Stabilization Phase (verification and monitoring) Phase 5 – UN Military draw down @ekotia

37. Mission with UNIFIL Cross Boundary Operations

38. Mission with UNIFIL Protection of Engineers - Border Marking

39. Mission with UNIFIL Protection for Border Marking Teams along the Blue Line

40. 40 MASCAL EXERCISE at Position 5-66 8 March 2007 Mission with UNIFIL

41. Started Joint Patrols and Training with LAF

42. Liaison Visits Mission with UNIFIL

43. New GHANBATT HQ Complex New GHANBATT HQ Complex

44. Mission with UNIFIL Medal Day

45. Ghana Army Mission with UNIFIL Conclusion

46. Conclusion Israeli raids in Lebanon can be traced as far back as 1968 when the Palestinians used Lebanon as a base to attack Israel Hezbollah was formed as a militia group in 1982 with the aim of forcing Israel to withdraw from the occupied territory in South Lebanon in which Israel eventually withdrew under pressure in 2000 The immediate causes of the war was as a result of the capture of two Israeli soldiers by Hezbollah on the 12 July 2006. This was followed by air, artillery and Katyusha attacks by both sides causing panic and humanitarian problems The main global effects created by the conflict was the general economic devastation created, humanitarian crisis, creation of a refugee situation due to the unlimited air raids and the political tension created in the Middle East with fury from Muslims countries

47. Questions/Contributions @ekotia

48. References Erskine Emmanuel, (1989), Mission with UNIFIL, Hurst and Company: London. Robert Fisk, (2001) Pity the Nation – Lebanon at War, 3rd ed., Oxford, Oxford University Press Kotia, Emmanuel W. "Understanding the Geopolitics of the War in Southern Lebanon." KAIPTC Occasional Paper No. 35. Accra, Ghana: Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, 2013 Ozlem, Tur, The Lebanese War of 2006, (2007), Reasons and Consequences, Perceptions, Spring, 2007 Helena Cobban, “The 33-Day War: Hizbullah’s victory, Israel’s choice”, Boston Review, November/December 2006, http://bostonreview.net/BR31.6/cobban.html 15 Robert Blecher, “Converging upon War”, Middle East Report Online, July 18, 2006,www.merip.org/mero/mero071806.html Gilbert Achcar, “Lebanon: The 33-Day War and UNSC Resolution 1701”, Online Magazine: IV380 - July-August 2006, http://www.internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article1101 Dov Waxman, “Between Victory and Defeat: Israel after the War with Hizballah”, p. 33 UN Security Council, S/RES/1701 (2006), 11 August 2006 Shibley Telhami, “Lebanese Identity and Israeli Security in the Shadows of the 2006 War”, Current History, January 2007 Morten Valbjorn and André Bank, “Signs of a New Arab Cold War – The 2006 Lebanon War and the Sunni-Shi’i Divide”, Middle East Report, No. 242 (Spring 2007)

49. The Lebanon - Israel Conflict The Global Effects and its Aftermath Colonel (Dr) Emmanuel Kotia Visiting Lecturer, International Conflict Management Kennesaw State University