1. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. THE COMPLETE DIAGNOSIS CODING SOLUTION THIRD EDITION Chapter 6 Coding Diseases of the Blood and Immune Mechanism 6-1

2. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Learning Outcomes 6.1 Identify the components of blood and blood-forming organs. 6.2 Express the function of antigens on red blood cells. 6.3 Relate the role of blood in the human body. 6-2

3. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Learning Outcomes (cont.) 6.4 Explain the purpose of various blood tests. 6.5 Describe the impact of diseases affecting the blood. 6.6 Classify disorders involving the immune mechanism. 6-3

4. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Key Terms Agglutination Antigen Blood Blood type Coagulation 6-4

5. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Key Terms (cont.) Hematopoiesis Hemoglobin Hemolysis Hemostasis Plasma 6-5

6. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Key Terms (cont.) Platelets (Plat) Red blood cells (RBC) Rh (rhesus) factor Transfusions White blood cells (WBCs) 6-6

7. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Introduction Blood is a type of connective tissue consisting of red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets (Plats)—all contained within liquid plasma. Learning Outcome: 6.1 6-7

8. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. The Formation of Blood Blood is created in the red bone marrow during a series of steps called hematopoiesis. Learning Outcome: 6.1 6-8

9. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Antigens on Red Blood Cells Blood Types: Type A: only antigen A Type B: only antigen B Type AB: both antigens A and B Type O: neither antigen A nor B Learning Outcome: 6.2 6-9

10. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Rh Factor Rh (Rhesus) factor: An antigen located on the red blood cell that produces immunogenic responses in those individuals without it. Learning Outcome: 6.2 6-10

11. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Rh Factor (cont.) An Rh-negative person lacks the Rh antigen. An Rh-positive person has the Rh antigen. Learning Outcome: 6.2 6-11

12. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Transfusions The provision of one person’s blood or plasm to another individual. Blood must be compatible with regard to type and Rh factor or serious consequences could occur. Learning Outcome: 6.2 6-12

13. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Blood Roles The blood’s primary job is to transport oxygen from the lungs and deliver it to tissue cells throughout the body. Hemoglobin (hgb or Hgb): The part of the red blood cell that carries oxygen. Learning Outcome: 6.3 6-13

14. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Blood Roles (cont.) The blood also transports regulatory hormones and nutrients to the tissues and controls hemostasis via coagulation. Learning Outcome: 6.3 6-14

15. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Blood Tests Common blood tests performed include: –Bicarbonate –Blood culture –Blood differential (Diff) –Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) –Creatinine Learning Outcome: 6.4 6-15

16. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Blood Tests (cont.) –Glucose –Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) –Hematocrit (HCT) –Hemoglobin (Hgb) –Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) Learning Outcome: 6.4 6-16

17. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Blood Tests (cont.) –Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) –Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) –Platelet count –Potassium –Prothrombin time (PT) –Sodium Learning Outcome: 6.4 6-17

18. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Blood Conditions Malfunction of the blood or of its components can result in problems. –Anemia (low hemoglobin, hematocrit, and/or RBCs) –Clotting disorders (hemophilia) –Thrombocytopenia (low platelets) –Hematologic malignancies (leukemia) Learning Outcome: 6.5 6-18

19. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Disorders of the Immune Mechanism Sarcoidosis: cells clump together and become granulomas situated within certain organs throughout the body. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: genetic mutation that causes WBCs to malfunction, increasing the body’s susceptibility to inflammatory diseases and other immunodeficiency disorders. Learning Outcome: 6.6 6-19

20. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Chapter Summary Blood flows through your arteries and veins, transporting O 2 and carrying away CO 2 from those cells. When the blood system malfunctions, serious health consequences result. 6-20