1. Mária Horváth 1,2, Péter Bátor 1, Edit Tóth-Bodrogi 1, Tibor Kovács 1,2 1 University of Pannonia, Institute of Radiochemistry and Radioecology 2 Social Organization for Radioecological Cleanliness 13th October 2015. Kuşadasi, Turkey,

2. Introduction Smoking causes 6 million people to die from lung cancer annually [1] Components: a number of carcinogens, heavy metals, radioactive species Po-210 mainstream, sidestream [1] WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2013 Enforcing band on tobacco advertising promotion and sponsorship (World Health Organization, 2013)

3. Aim of this study The annual committed effective dose: E = F 1 *F 2 *K *G *C *t Where: E: the committed effective dose from inhalation (Sv) F1: the average transfer factor from the tobacco to inhaled part (0.7) F2: the inhalation smoke per the total smoke ratio (0.2; 0.5; or 0.05-0.37) [2-4] K: the inhalation dose conversion factor of Po-210 (3.3×10-6 Sv Bq-1) G: the number of cigarettes smoked (20 cigarettes day-1) C: the concentration of Po-210 in one cigarette (Bq cigarette-1) t: the duration of smoking (365 days) Preparation of experiment [2] Papastefanou, C. Radiactivity in tobacco leaves, J.Environ.Radioactiv. 2001. 53, 67-73. [3] Skwarzec, B.; Ulatowski, J.; Struminska, D. I.; Borylo, A. Inhalation of 210Po and 210Pb from cigarette smoking in Poland. J. Environ. Radioact. 2001. 57, 221-230. [4] Carvalho, F. P.; Oliveira, J. M. Polonium in cigarette smoke and radiation exposure of lungs, Czech. J. Phys. 2006. 56, 697-703. Po-210 of sidestream smoke Po-210 of mainstream smoke

4. Design of experiments 1. Building smoking machine Existing smoking machines are not suitable for polonium measurements 2. Determination of absorber solution 3. Selection of absorbtion method? 4. Mapping sidestream and mainstream smoke

5. Smoking machine Parameters used to smoke tobacco products that include a 35-ml puff volume, a 60-s puff interval, 2-s puff duration and no blocking of the filter ventilation holes[5] [5] Standard Operating Procedure for Intense Smoking of Cigarettes (World Health Organization, Geneva,2012)

6. Our first „smoking machine” We designed it based on the mentioned ISO standard: it does 1 PUFF per minute lasting 2 seconds with a 35 ml volume. We managed to get the exact PUFF volume and flow by using a small water pump to remove exactly 35 ml water in 2 seconds from a closed water bottle. The resulting vacuum draws on the burning cigarette. Before the smoke fills the place vacated by the liquid it is bubbled through the acid solution and the smoke’s polonium content gets absorbed.

7. Selection of absorber solution Absorbent material (HNO3, HCl)? 5 % HNO 3 30 % HNO 3 2% HCl 5 % HCl Po-209 didn’t appeared it had the best chemical yield for the Po-209 tracer

8. Selection of absorbtion method Is direct deposition possible or not? The tar content the absorber soulution foamed during the deposition process and caused increasing thickness of the source, therefore decrease the efficiency. To avoid this phenomenon the soultion should be acidic leaching, before using the standard spontaneous deposition process.

9. ~ 1 cigarette, 33 mBq Po-209 tracer Combined classical acidic leaching: 1x20 ml cc. HNO 3 1x20 ml cc. HCl + 2 drops of H 2 O 2 1x20 ml dist. water Preparation of stock solution Spontaneous deposition: 50 ml stock sol. 0.1 g ascorbic acid stainless steal with high Ni content 80 °C 3 hours Semi-conductor (PIPS) detector alpha-spectrometer (80 000 sec)

10. Selection of absorbtion method 1. Cascade or one step?

11. Cascad or 1 step? The first scrubber absorbed the 53 % of the 10 cigarette's Po-210 contain. We decided it is applicable using only one scrubber for the absorption.

12. Preliminary results The smoking machine is suitable for the ISO standard Absorber solution: 100 mL 2 Mol/L HCl acid Direct deposition isn’t working, it is necessary to combined this process with classical acid leaching Absorption method: One step Design the new smoking machine

13. New smoking machine

14. Future plans Determination of the Po-210 concentration of mainstream and sidestream smoke Determination of F2 factor E = F 1 *F 2 *K *G *C *t F 2 : the inhalation smoke per the total smoke ratio inhalation dose from passive smoking (???)

15. Thank you for your attention!