1. FUTURE CITY PROJECT Distribution and Use of Energy Mark Casto/ Program Staff EMBHSSC - 2012

2. U.S. ENERGY USE

3. Power Systems

4. NATIONAL GRID CONTROL CENTER

5. U.S. POWER GRID

6. ENERGY CONVERSION DIFFERENT FORMS OF ENERGY (HYDRO, NUCLEAR, GAS, WIND, SOLAR, THERMAL, ETC.) ARE CONVERTED TO ELECTRICAL FORM BY TURBINE/GENERATOR SETS. A.C. GENERATOR TURBINE ENERGY SOURCE ELECTRICAL ENERGY

7. TURBINE GENERATOR

8. STEAM TURBINE GENERATOR

9. HYDRO TURBINE GENERATOR

10. GENERATOR OUTPUT

11. What is load? MOTORS (ROTATING MACHINES) LIGHTS APPLIANCES, ELECTRONICS HEATING / COOLING ETC.

12. RESIDENTIAL LOADS

13. SEASONAL LOAD PROFILES

14. Power System Operation DAILY LOAD CYCLE REQUIRED INSTALLED CAPACITY TIME POWER MORNING NOON AFTERNOON NIGHT

15. Power System Operation PEAK SHAVING REQUIRED INSTALLED CAPACITY TIMEMORNING NOON AFTERNOON NIGHT

16. Power System Operation PEAK SHAVING REQUIRED INSTALLED CAPACITY TIMEMORNING NOON AFTERNOON NIGHT

17. Power System Operation PEAK SHAVING REQUIRED INSTALLED CAPACITY TIMEMORNING NOON AFTERNOON NIGHT

18. Power System Operation PEAK SHAVING REQUIRED INSTALLED CAPACITY TIMEMORNING NOON AFTERNOON NIGHT

19. Power System Operation OPTION 1: STORE ENERGY AND USE IT LATER BULK ENERGY STORAGE IS EXPENSIVE PUMPED HYDRO (long term) SUPER-CAPACITORS FLYWHEEL STORAGE

20. Power System Operation PUMPED STORAGE:

21. Power System Operation OPTION 2: SHIFT LOAD TO SHAVE THE PEAK PRICE RESPONSIVE LOADS AND DEMAND MANAGEMENT TIME-OF-DAY PRICING CONGESTION PRICING SMART METERS

22. RENEWABLE SOURCES WIND: STRONG MOSTLY IN THE EVENING WHEN THE LOAD IS LOW MIDDLE OF THE COUNTRY, AND OFF-SHORE SOLAR: EFFECTIVE DURING THE DAY SOUTHERN AND WESTERN STATES

23. Power System Operation CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES: PLUG-IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES, HIGH CHARGING DEMAND MOBILE / DISTRIBUTED STORAGE

24. SOLAR POWER PLANT

25. SOLAR POWER TOWER

26. MIRRORS/LENSES FOCUSING SUNLIGHT INTO A BEAM

27. WIND TURBINES

28. WIND ENERGY CONVERSION

29. US Wind Resources

30. US SOLAR RESOURCE MAP

31. US Population Map http:/ / www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/ilands/fig12.html

32. We are all connected. – Low penetration of renewable energy sources – Dominated by inflexible AC transmissions; large capacity margin – Load variability only; generation following load – Limited situational awareness; mostly local control

33. Today’s Challege: Generating the most power from a solar cell placed on a house roof top.

34. Where do we find solar cells? 1-34

35. How does a solar cell work? 1-35

36. Continued… 1-36

37. How are solar cells arranged? 1-37

38. What angle works best? Today you will:  Build a cardboard house.  Place a solar panel on it’s roof at some angle.  Measure your houses solar output.  Graph the data (angle of roof vs. solar out put)  Discuss the results. 1-38

39. Graphing Your Data 1-39