1. C3: Earth and Space TEK 8.7B 8.3B 11-8 The diagram shows the orbit of the moon around Earth. At which point in the moon’s orbit will a person standing on Earth see a waxing crescent moon?

2. C3: Earth and Space TEK 8.10A 11-9 Earth’s land areas, oceans, and atmosphere maintain fairly constant average temperatures. What is the best explanation for these constant average temperatures? A) Earth’s Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere have opposite seasons. B) Earth is tilted and rotates daily on its axis. C) The continuous motion of air and water distributes the sun’s energy. D) Global weather systems generally move from west to east.

3. C3: Earth and Space TEK 8.9B 8.3B 13-4 The model shows two continental plates. The folded mountains in this model form at which type of plate boundary? A)Transform boundaryB) Divergent boundary C) Subduction boundaryD) Convergent boundary

4. C3: Earth and Space TEK 8.8A 13-9 The Milky Way galaxy is described as a disk of stars orbiting a central point on the disk. Which of these best explains why people on Earth cannot see the entire shape of the Milky Way? A) Earth is a part of this galaxy. B) Many more stars exist outside the galaxy. C) The stars in the center of the galaxy are extremely small. D) The center of the galaxy consists of a dense cluster of stars.

5. C3: Earth and Space TEK 8.9C 8.3B 13-12 This satellite photograph shows a large meteorite crater that is 1200 m in diameter and 170m deep. This crater is located in a flat, arid part of northeastern Arizona. How will this crater most likely change over time? A) It will get deeper as it fills with water. B) It will rise up like a volcanic crater. C) It will become less deep as the rim erodes. D) It will widen as it fills with lava.

6. C3: Earth and Space TEK 8.7A 13-16 Which of these locations on Earth experiences the least change in the number of daylight hours throughout the year? A) EquatorB) North Pole C) Tropic of CancerD) Tropic of Capricorn

7. C3: Earth and Space TEK 8.10C 13-21 What is one condition that is necessary for a hurricane to form? A) Warm ocean water B) A strong cold front C) Cold ocean water D) A strong warm front

8. C3: Earth and Space TEK 8.7B 8.3B 13-25 The diagram shows four phases of the moon as it revolves around Earth. A student builds a model based on this diagram. The student uses foam balls to represent the moon and Earth and a flashlight to represent the sun. The student should shine the flashlight on the model of Earth from Position—

9. C3: Earth and Space TEK 6.11B 13-26 An object will continue moving in a straight line unless it is acted on by an unbalanced force. Which of the following best explains Earth’s motion? A) There is no unbalanced force acting on Earth because space is empty and nothing touches Earth. B) The gravitational force pulling Earth toward the sun is equal and opposite to the force pulling the sun toward Earth, so there is no unbalanced force acting on Earth. C) The sun moves in an elliptical orbit around Earth, and the sun’s gravity pulls Earth along. D) Earth moves in an elliptical orbit around the sun because the gravitational force of the sun attracts Earth.

10. C3: Earth and Space TEK 8.9B 13-35 The thick black lines on the map show the locations of mid-ocean ridges. Which geologic feature is most likely to form at a mid-ocean ridge? A) PeninsulaB) VolcanoC)Delta D) Plateau

11. C3: Earth and Space TEK 8.9C 8.3B 13-38 A section of a topographic map is shown. What is the difference in elevation in meters between Point X and Point Y on the map?

12. C3: Earth and Space TEK 7.8C 8.3B 13-42 A student sets up the investigation shown. The movement of colored water through the gravel best models — A) condensation of water vapor B) surface runoff of precipitation C) Conservation of water D) Pollution of groundwater

13. C3: Earth and Space TEK 8.7B 8.2E 13-46 A student keeps a record of the phases of the moon for one month. On the first night of the student’s observations, the full moon is visible in the sky. After the full moon, which of these phases will the student observe next? A) Waxing crescent moon B) Waxing gibbous moon C) Waning crescent moon D) Waning gibbous moon

14. C3: Earth and Space TEK 8.8A 8.2E 13-49 The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram shows how the brightness, surface temperature, and color of stars are related. Which of these observations of Barnard’s Star is most likely accurate? A) Barnard’s Star is less bright than the sun, has a surface temperature below 3,800 K, and is red. B) Barnard’s Star is less bright than the sun, has a surface temperature above 3,800 K, and is red. C) Barnard’s Star is brighter than the sun, has a surface temperature below 5,300 K, and is yellow. D) Barnard’s Star is brighter than the sun, has a surface temperature above 5,300 K, and is yellow.

15. C3: Earth and Space TEK 8.7A 13-51 Earth would not have seasons if it — A) no longer tilted on its axis B) stopped rotating on its axis C) Took an additional month to orbit the sun D) revolved around the sun in the opposite direction

16. C3: Earth and Space TEK 8.8B 13-53 Why does Earth get more energy from the sun than from all the other stars in the universe combined? A) The sun is much larger than the other stars. B) The sun is much hotter than the other stars. C) The sun is much more dense than the other stars. D) The sun is much closer than the other stars.

17. C3: Earth and Space TEK 6.11B 8.3B 14-2 The diagram models Mercury and Venus orbiting the sun. What force causes Venus to travel along a curved path instead of moving in a straight line as indicated by the dashed line in the diagram? A) Electromagnetic attraction between the sun and Venus B) Gravitational attraction between the sun and Venus C) Electromagnetic attraction between Mercury and Venus D) Gravitational attraction between Mercury and Venus

18. C3: Earth and Space TEK 8.8A 8.2E 14-8 Based on this diagram, which type of stars would belong to spectral class M and have the highest luminosity? A) Main-sequence starsB) Giants C) White dwarfsD) Supergiants

19. C3: Earth and Space TEK 8.9A 14-12 Scientists recently discovered that rocks collected from the Franklin Mountains in West Texas and rocks collected from mountains in eastern Antarctica were exactly the same age. Further research showed that the rocks were chemically and geologically the same and came from the same magma source. This discovery provides evidence of — A) coastal erosionB) plate tectonics B) ocean currentsC) glacial melting

20. C3: Earth and Space TEK 8.9C 8.2E 14-15 A satellite image shows a ship channel between South Padre Island and Boca Chica beach in South Texas. Sand is sometimes removed from the ship channel through a process called dredging to make it easier for ships to travel through. Recently sand from the bottom of the channel was moved to area beaches. Without this transfer of sand, what would most likely occur in this area in the future? A) The ship channel would become deeper, and the island would move west toward the mainland. B) The ship channel would become shallower, and the beach would become narrower. C) The ship channel would become narrower, and the island would become completely covered with water. D) The ship channel would become wider, and the island would sink into the Gulf of Mexico.

21. C3: Earth and Space TEK 8.7A 8.3B 14-20 A student draws the model shown. Which of these best compares the conditions at Location X and Location Y? A) It is day at Location X and night at Location Y. B) It is winter at Location X and summer at Location Y. C) There are more hours of daylight at Location X than at Location Y. D) The moon is brighter when viewed from Location X than when viewed from Location Y.

22. C3: Earth and Space TEK 8.7B 8.2E 14-24 Some students used records from the U.S. Naval Observatory to make a table of the percent of the moon that was visible on each night in January 2011. Based on these data, what part of the lunar cycle occurred between January 5 and January 7? A) Waxing crescent B) Waning crescent C) Full moon D)New moon

23. C3: Earth and Space TEK 8.9B 8.3B 14-26 The diagram shows a model of the movement of two tectonic plates. When the plates collide, one plate often moves below the other plate. The rising magma that can result from this type of plate movement may produce — A) fossil layersB)volcanic islands C) deep-sea sedimentD) seafloor spreading

24. C3: Earth and Space TEK 8.7A 8.3B 14-28 The diagram shows four positions in Earth’s orbit around the sun. The Northern Hemisphere experiences the beginning of spring when Earth is in which position?

25. C3: Earth and Space TEK 8.9C 8.3B 14-30 The points labeled W and Y on the topographic map show the campsites of two families. Each family hiked to the elevation on the map marked X. The arrows show the paths taken by both families. What was the change in elevation, to the nearest ten meters, for the family that took the steepest path to Point X?

26. C3: Earth and Space TEK 8.7B 8.2E 14-35 The moon reflects different amounts of sunlight onto Earth at different times. This reflected sunlight is commonly called moonlight. The graph shows the intensity of moonlight at different times in a lunar cycle. Which moon phase most likely occurs at the time in the cycle represented by an X on the graph?

27. C3: Earth and Space TEK 8.10C 8.3B 14-37 Hurricanes and similar storm systems begin over oceans. The map shows average surface temperatures of the oceans in the summer. Based on the map, which area probably produced the most violent storm systems?

28. C3: Earth and Space TEK 8.8A 8.2E 14-42 Four students are asked to describe a nebula and a star. Their responses are shown in the table. Which student described these two celestial bodies correctly?

29. C3: Earth and Space TEK 8.8D 8.3B 14-45 The table shows the distances of 3 stars from the sun. Students were asked to make a model of the 3 stars and include the sun and Earth in the model. They chose to use a scale of 1 meter : 1 light-year. Which model best represents the data?

30. C3: Earth and Space TEK 8.9B 14-52 The Himalayan mountains are shown on the map. Four students were asked to identify the geologic process that caused this mountain range to form. Their responses are shown in the table. Which student correctly identified the geologic process that formed the Himalayan mountains?

31. TEK 8.7C 8.3B 15-2 Different relative positions of the sun, the moon, and Earth have different effects on Earth’s oceans. Which model shows the positions of the sun, the moon, and Earth that have the greatest effect on ocean tides? C3: Earth and Space

32. TEK 8.7B 8.3B 15-7 A phase of the moon is shown. Which pair of diagrams shows the moon’s phase immediately before and immediately after this phase? C3: Earth and Space

33. TEK 8.7A 8.3C 15-10 A student wants to use a spinning basketball to model the day-and-night cycle on Earth. What should the student do in order to best model the cause of the day-and-night cycle? C3: Earth and Space A) Spin the ball in different directions B) Tilt the ball while it is spinning C) Paint one half of the ball black and the other half white D) Shine a bright light on one side of the ball

34. TEK 8.10C 8.3B 15-13 Thunderstorms are more common in some areas than in others. The map shows the average number of thunderstorms per year in different parts of the United States. Why are there significantly more thunderstorms in Florida than in California? A) The state of Florida is smaller than the state of California. B) The air in Florida is more stable than the air in California. C) The air above Florida holds less moisture than the air above California. D) The ocean currents near Florida are warmer than the ocean currents near California. C3: Earth and Space

35. TEK 8.9B 15-18 The image shows a plate boundary. Arrows have been added to indicate the movement of the plates. What plate boundary feature is also shown? A) A ridge formed by an inactive convergent boundary B) A valley forming at an active divergent boundary C) A fault forming at an active transform boundary D) A volcano formed by an active transform boundary C3: Earth and Space

36. TEK 8.8A 8.2E 15-20 Two stars are identified on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Based on this diagram, how do the characteristics of Star 1 and Star 2 compare? A) Star 1 is cooler and less bright than Star 2. B) Star 1 is hotter and brighter than Star 2. C) Star 1 is cooler and brighter than Star 2. D) Star 1 is hotter and less bright than Star 2. C3: Earth and Space

37. TEK 8.9C 8.2E 15-26 The satellite photo shows San Francisco, California, which has many miles of coastline and an inland bay. Which area of the coastline has most likely experienced the greatest effect of erosion from waves over hundreds of years? C3: Earth and Space

38. TEK 8.8C 8.2E 15-29 Quasars are extremely distant celestial bodies. Investigators using a special telescope determined that a certain quasar was emitting waves with a frequency of 14.1×10 9 Hz. An electromagnetic spectrum is shown. The investigators were most likely using a telescope that detects — A) MicrowavesB) visible lightC) x-raysD) gamma rays C3: Earth and Space

39. TEK 8.7B 8.2E 15-32 On July 4, 1776, the American colonies declared their independence. The table shows the lunar phases for June 1776. What lunar phase occurred on July 4, 1776? A) Waning gibbousB) Waxing gibbous C) Waning crescentJ) Waxing crescent C3: Earth and Space

40. TEK 8.9B 15-34 The map shows the locations of four active volcanoes in the Caribbean Sea. What do these volcanoes indicate about plate tectonics in the region? A) The volcanoes form an island arc, indicating a converging plate boundary. B) The volcanoes form a line, indicating a diverging plate boundary. C) Two plates are moving past each other, causing faulting and magma formation. D) Two plates are moving apart, creating new seafloor. C3: Earth and Space

41. TEK 8.9C 8.3B 15-38 A student stands at the point marked X on the topographic map. What height in meters must the student climb in order to reach the top of the hill? C3: Earth and Space

42. TEK 8.7A 8.3B 15-41 In the summer many people enjoy going to the beach. The photograph shows a beach in Argentina, which is located in the Southern Hemisphere. Which diagram shows the position of Earth when it is summer in Argentina? C3: Earth and Space

43. TEK 8.10B 8.3B 15-47 The weather map shows the weather conditions for one day across the United States. Based on the weather map, which city will most likely experience decreasing temperatures during the next 24 hours? A) Denver, because it is raining there B) Minneapolis, because a cold front is approaching C) Atlanta, because a warm front is approaching D) Houston, because it is in a high-pressure area C3: Earth and Space

44. TEK 8.8A 15-50 Which of these correctly compares the masses of different objects in the universe? A) A moon has less mass than a star and more mass than the planet it orbits. B) A planet has less mass than a galaxy and more mass than the star it orbits. C) A galaxy has less mass than a moon and more mass than a planet. D) A star has less mass than a galaxy and more mass than a planet. C3: Earth and Space