1. Super

2. Cable

3. Combined Storage & Delivery of Electricity & Hydrogen

4. RegionGrid Interconnection H2H2 e–e– H2H2 e–e– My RTO Your RTO 50 Miles FACTS/IC “Use Existing Overhead ROW” Hydrogen Tanker Truck Fueling

5. SuperCables +v I -v I H2H2 H2H2 Circuit #1 +v I -v I H2H2 H2H2 Circuit #2 Multiple circuits can be laid in single trench

6. LH 2 SuperCable HV Insulation “Super- Insulation” Superconductor Hydrogen DODO DH2DH2 t sc

7. Power Flows P SC = 2|V|IA SC, where P SC = Electric power flow V = Voltage to neutral (ground) I = Supercurrent A SC = Cross-sectional area of superconducting annulus Electricity P H2 = 2(QρvA) H2, where P H2 = Chemical power flow Q = Gibbs H 2 oxidation energy (2.46 eV per mol H 2 ) ρ = H 2 Density v = H 2 Flow Rate A = Cross-sectional area of H 2 cryotube Hydrogen

8. Electric & H 2 Power 0.12525,000100,000+/- 50001000 Annular Wall Thickness (cm) Critical Current Density (A/cm 2 ) Current (A)Voltage (V)Power (MW) Electricity 3183.8110500 “Equivalent” Current Density (A/cm 2 ) H 2 Flow Rate (m/sec) Inner Pipe Diameter, D H2 (cm) Power (MW) Hydrogen (LH 2, 20 K)

9. H 2 - Gas SuperCable Electrical Insulation “Super- Insulation” Superconductor Supercritical Hydrogen @ 77 K 2000 – 7000 psia Liquid Nitrogen @ 77 K

10. H 2 Gas at 77 K and 1850 psia has 50% of the energy content of liquid H 2 and 100% at 6800 psia

11. SuperCable H 2 Storage Some Storage Factoids Power (GW) Storage (hrs)Energy (GWh) TVA Raccoon Mountain1.62032 Alabama CAES120 Scaled ETM SMES188 One Raccoon Mountain = 13,800 cubic meters of LH2 LH 2 in 10 cm diameter, 250 mile bipolar SuperCable = Raccoon Mountain

12. Thermal Losses W R = 0.5εσ (T 4 amb – T 4 SC ), where W R = Power radiated in as watts/unit area σ = 5.67×10 -12 W/cm 2 K 4 T amb = 300 K T SC = 20 K ε = 0.05 per inner and outer tube surface D SC = 10 cm W R = 3.6 W/m Radiation Losses Superinsulation: W R f = W R /(n-1), where n = number of layers Target: W R f = 0.5 W/m requires ~10 layers Other addenda (convection, conduction): W A = 0.5 W/m W T = W R f + W A = 1.0 W/m

13. Heat Removal dT/dx = W T /(ρvC P A) H2, where dT/dx = Temp rise along cable, K/m W T = Thermal in-leak per unit Length ρ = H 2 Density v = H 2 Flow Rate C P = H 2 Heat Capacity A = Cross-sectional area of H 2 cryotube Take W T = 1.0 W/m, then dT/dx = 1.89  10 -5 K/m, Or, 0.2 K over a 10 km distance

14. Remaining Issues AC interface (12 phase) Ripple suppression –Filters –Cable impedance Charge/Discharge cycles Current stabilization via voltage control

15. Remaining Issues GTOs vs IGBTs 12” wafer platforms Cryo-Bipolars –Minority carrier concentration –Doping profiles –Computer simulation Power Electronic Discretes

16. Remaining Issues Safety Generation (high pressure electrolysis) Cryocoolers Liquid vs Pressurized Gas Flow Rate Losses Storage & Delivery Hydrogen Issues

17. SuperCable Prototype Project H2H2 e–e– H 2 Storage SMES Cryo I/C Station 500 m Prototype “Appropriate National Laboratory” 2005-09

18. North American 21st Century Energy SuperGrid H2H2 e–e– H2H2 e–e– H2H2 e–e– H2H2 e–e– Commercial Residential BMW Z9 Heavy Industry Energy Storage Solar Roofs Urban Biomass HTGCR Nuclear Plant

19. A Vision Realized… “…an admirable work of science and patriotism.” Marquis de Lafayette …on first visiting the Erie Canal