1. THE STRUCTURE AND ANATOMY OF PLANTS IAFNR Plant and Soil Sciences Module

2. CELLULAR STRUCTURE  Cells  The basic biological unit of plants  Where chemical reactions of life occur  Two types of Cells exist  Prokaryotes  Eukaryotes Image retrieved from: http://becuo.com/microscopic- images-of-plant-cells

3. CELLULAR STRUCTURE Prokaryotes  Cells without a nucleus  Contain genetic material, but not enclosed in a membrane  Includes bacteria and cyanophytes Eukaryotes  Cells with a nucleus  Genetic material is surrounded by a membrane  Also found in humans and other multi-cellular organisms  Plant cells differ from animal cells

4. CELLULAR STRUCTURE Image retrieved from:http://www.gopixpic.com/640/3d-plant-cell-model- project-/http:%7C%7C1*bp*blogspot*com%7C_PTWs4DRRfdg%7CTMNP- bUW67I%7CAAAAAAAAABI%7CQ0ynmni8FRc%7Cs1600%7Cplant%2Bcell*jpg/

5. CELLULAR STRUCTURE  Cell Wall- Made of hemicellulose, add stability to the cell  Plasma or Cytoplasmic Membrane- Made of phospholipid bilayer membrane  Protoplasts- Refers to the inside of the cell  Cytoplasm is the liquid within the cell that includes water, proteins, etc.  Organelles- Internal structure of the cell  Chloroplasts- Double membrane plastids with chlorophyll used in photosynthesis  Mitochondria- Location of respiration and production of energy  Nucleus- Contains plants individual chromosomes (DNA)  Vacuoles- Storage reservoir for the cell  Endoplasmic Reticulum-Protein synthesis and contains ribosomes  Ribosomes-Translate RNA into proteins

6. PLANT TISSUES  Tissues are a large groups of organized cells of similar structure that perform specific functions in the plant.  Two general types of tissues are  Meristematic  Permanent Meristematic  Contain actively dividing cells to form new tissues  Categories of meristems  Apical-Shoots and Roots, produce new buds and leaves  Intercalary- Only in monocots  Lateral/Cambia- Lateral among shoots, causes thickening of trees and creates bark

7. PLANT TISSUES Simple Permanent Tissues  Epidermis Cells  Single layer of cells on the exterior of stems, leaves, flowers, and fruit  Two or three layers thick  Parenchyma  Made of cells that have thin cell walls and large vacuoles Complex Permanent Tissues  Xylem  Conducts water and dissolved nutrients, amino acids, proteins, and sugars from the roots to other portions of the plant  Phloem  Conducts soluble sugars and metabolites (proteins, hormones, minerals, and salts) from the leaves to other portions of the plant

8. PLANT TISSUES Image retrieved from: http://cnx.org/contents/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@9.27:158/Biology

9. PRIMARY PLANT ORGANS: ROOTS  Root hairs are responsible for the absorption of water and minerals  Once absorbed these pass through the cortex (root wall) and into the center of the stele  In the stele, water and minerals are moved upward through the xylem Image retrieved from: http://sylviateacher.com/2012/10/26/science-6-detailed-plant-anatomy/

10. PRIMARY PLANT ORGANS: LEAVES  The intake of carbon dioxide and the release of oxygen occurs through small pores in the leaf surface called stomata  Cells within a leaf may be formed into two layers  The upper- tightly packed with palisade cells  Where photosynthesis occurs  The lower- loosely packed with spongy tissue Image retrieved from: http://www.goldiesroom.org/Note%20Packets/05%20Nutrition/04%20Nutrition-- Lesson%204.htm

11. GROWTH AND CELL DIVISION Image retrieved from: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/99691/One- cell-gives-rise-to-two-genetically-identical-daughter-cells

12. REFERENCES  Parker, R. (2010). Plant and Soil Science: Fundamentals and Applications. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.