1. Cultural Revolution Section 1-14 Section 1 Lecture Notes 14 of 26 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. They advocated socialism, or the belief that the means of production –capital, land, raw materials, and factories– should be owned and controlled by society, either directly or through the government. Rise of Socialism In the early 1800s, some people believed that ending the misery of workers required eliminating capitalism completely. 

2. Cultural Revolution Section 1-17 Section 1 Lecture Notes 17 of 26 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Marx and Engels German philosopher Karl Marx dismissed the ideas of the early socialists as impractical and set out to provide a scientific basis for socialism. Marx believed that socialism was a stepping stone towards communism.

3. Cultural Revolution Section 1-17 Section 1 Lecture Notes 17 of 26 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Marx and Engels

4. Cultural Revolution Section 1-17 Section 1 Lecture Notes 17 of 26 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The son of a prosperous German lawyer, Marx received a doctorate in history and philosophy. Marx and Engels (cont.)

5. Cultural Revolution Section 1-18 Section 1 Lecture Notes 18 of 26 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Engels wrote a classic book called The Condition of the Working Class in England, criticizing factory conditions. Marx and Engels (cont.) In 1844 Marx’s radical views got him into trouble with the Prussian government, and he fled to Paris where he met Friedrich Engels. 

6. Cultural Revolution Section 1-19 Section 1 Lecture Notes 19 of 26 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Engels, a successful businessman, supported Marx, who devoted his life to writing about economics. Marx and Engels (cont.) Marx later settled in London, and he and Engels became lifelong friends and collaborators. 

7. Cultural Revolution Section 1-20 Section 1 Lecture Notes 20 of 26 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In Marx’s view, economics was the major force for change. Laws, social systems, customs, religion, and art all developed in accord with a society’s economic base. Marx’s Theories Marx based his ideas in part on the teachings of the German philosopher G.W.F. Hegel. Like Hegel, Marx believed that history advanced through (because of ) conflict. 

8. Cultural Revolution Section 1-21 Section 1 Lecture Notes 21 of 26 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Marx argued that Europe had moved through four stages of economic life– primitive, slave, feudal, and capitalist. Marx’s Theories (cont.) The most important aspect of the economic base was the division of society into classes. Marx stated that “class struggle” was what pushed history forward. 

9. Cultural Revolution Section 1-22 Section 1 Lecture Notes 22 of 26 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. An economic crisis in one of the advanced industrial countries would give the proletariat the chance to seize control from the bourgeoisie, or middle class. Marx’s Theories (cont.) Marx believed that capitalism was only a temporary phase. As the makers of goods, the proletariat, or the working class, was the true productive class. 

10. Cultural Revolution Section 1-23 Section 1 Lecture Notes 23 of 26 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Marx’s Theories (cont.) The proletariat would then build a society in which the working people owned everything. In this last stage, known as communism, the governing principle would be “from each according to his ability, to each according to his need.”

11. Cultural Revolution Section 1-24 Section 1 Lecture Notes 24 of 26 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In 1867 Marx developed his ideas further in the work Das Kapital. Marx’s Theories (cont.) Marx and Engels published their views in The Communist Manifesto in 1848. 