1. The English Legal System – Part II

2. UK Parliament = Queen, House of Lords and House of Commons Law must pass through both houses and be signed by the Queen before it becomes law Now…UK legal system Then…legal profession (very briefly)

3. There is not one, unified legal system in the UK The UK has 3 legal systems: 1. English law (which applies in England and Wales) 2. Northern Ireland law (which applies in Northern Ireland) 3. Scots law (which applies in Scotland) We are mainly concerned with 1 – English law

4. The highest court in the UK is the Supreme Court of the UK It is the highest court for all civil and criminal cases in England, Wales, Northern Ireland (and all civil cases in Scotland) Before October 2009, the highest court was the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords (usually just called the House of Lords) Now it is the Supreme Court of the UK

5. Consists of 12 judges called “Justices” It’s completely separate from the legislative branch of government Sits in the former Middlesex Guildhall, on the western side of Parliament Square They shifted out of the House of Lords – physically & legally

6. Below the Supreme Court sits the Court of Appeal There are 37 Lords Justices of Appeals The Court of Appeal has two divisions: Criminal Division Civil Division The Criminal Division hears appeals from Magistrates Courts and Crown Courts The Civil Division hears appeals from County Courts and the High Court of Justice

7. Supreme CourtCRIMINAL Court of Appeal Crown CourtMagistrates Courts CIVIL Court of Appeal High Court of Justice: Queen’s Bench, Chancery and Family County Courts

8. Below the Court of Appeal, the names of the courts depends on whether the matter is civil or criminal Recall: Criminal cases: when the case relates to a crime eg murder, assault, robbery Civil cases: when the case relates to a dispute between two or more people, companies etc eg. Contract, tort (eg. Negligence), family

9. Criminal cases begin in either the Magistrates courts or the Crown Courts 95% of criminal cases are heard in the Magistrates Courts (some civil cases are heard there too, eg, betting & gaming, liquor licensing) Cases are heard before 3 Magistrates (Justices of the Peace) who sit as a bench and one legally-trained Court Clerk No juries in the Magistrates Courts Magistrates are appointed by the Crown Magistrates retire at 70 Magistrates are not paid but they can claim an allowance They come from all walks of life – not usually legally qualified but the Court Clerk advises them on the law The maximum sentence they can give is 6 months prison or a fine of £5,000

10. Some cases in the Magistrates Courts are heard before a District Judge who must have at least 7 years experience as a barrister or solicitor and 2 years as a Deputy District Judge The District Judges in the Magistrates Courts sit alone and hear more complex cases A Magistrates court may remit (send up) a matter to a Crown Court if it sufficiently serious (and may remit it to the Crown Court for sentencing) The Crown court will be the trial court for serious criminal matters The most famous criminal court in the world is “The Old Bailey” in London

11. This is the Central Criminal Court – it is England’s most famous criminal court, and is commonly referred to as “The Old Bailey”. It has been hearing cases since the 1600s. It is part of the Crown Court. It hears major criminal cases from the Greater London area (& sometimes outside London) including assault, battery, libel, arson, fraud, counterfeiting, murder etc. Judges in the Central Criminal Court are addressed as “My Lord” and “My Lady”. Find out more: http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/ LGNL_Services/Advice_and_benefits/Legal_a dvice/central_criminal_court.htm http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/ LGNL_Services/Advice_and_benefits/Legal_a dvice/central_criminal_court.htm

12. Civil cases will begin in a County Court Cases are usually heard in the County Court nearest to where the defendant lives Most matters are decided by a District Court Judge or a Circuit Judge (a judge who travels around, court to court) Civil matters generally do not have juries If there is less than £5,000 involved, it will be dealt with by the Small Claims Track (aka Small Claims Court) Appeals are to a higher judge or to the High Court of Justice

13. Civil court (mainly – see next slide) Has both an original jurisdiction (for serious cases) and an appellate jurisdiction (from all lower courts) Most hearings are before a judge alone (sometimes before 2 or more judges sitting together) It has three divisions: Family Division (non-criminal cases related to family law) Chancery Division (deals with business and property law) Queens Bench Division (deals with other civil cases such as libel, slander and breach of contract)

14. This is the High Court of Justice – it has 3 divisions (see previous slide) The 3 divisions are not separate courts but they have separate procedures It has an original jurisdiction for civil cases and also a criminal appellate jurisdiction (it hears appeals from Crown Courts) Find out more: http://www.hmcourts- service.gov.uk/infoabout/rcj/rcj.htmhttp://www.hmcourts- service.gov.uk/infoabout/rcj/rcj.htm

15. In the UK, there is a “split bar” so lawyers are either barristers OR solicitors but not both Criminal cases: The police arrest and collect evidence, statements from witnesses Crown Prosecutor is the lawyer who brings it to court on behalf of the Crown Crown Prosecutors work for the Crown Prosecution Service Civil cases: Solicitor meets with the client, prepares the file and does the research, usually part of a law firm Barrister argues the case in court – he/she acts on the instructions of the solicitor – he/she specializes in advocacy (arguing cases in court); barrister sole (works alone); look different in court (clothing is different – wigs and gowns)

16. We have looked at: Important parts of the UK system of government What is the Crown? What is Parliament? What are the two houses of Parliament all about? House of Lords House of Commons How is a law made? Important parts of the UK Legal System What is the top court in the UK called? What is the hierarchy of courts all about? What types of cases are heard in which courts? What types of lawyers work in the UK? What do they do?