2. New Leaders,New Ideas

3. The Soviet Union Changes in Leadership Joseph Stalin died in March 1953. Joseph Stalin died in March 1953. His death caused Americans to wonder what policies his successor would enact. His death caused Americans to wonder what policies his successor would enact. Nikita Khrushchev emerged as the new leader. Nikita Khrushchev emerged as the new leader. The Soviet Union remained a Communist dictatorship. The Soviet Union remained a Communist dictatorship. The Warsaw Pact The Soviets created the Warsaw Pact in 1955. The Soviets created the Warsaw Pact in 1955. It was a military alliance with the Soviet-dominated countries of Eastern Europe. It was a military alliance with the Soviet-dominated countries of Eastern Europe. Uprisings in Poland and Hungary were ruthlessly suppressed. Uprisings in Poland and Hungary were ruthlessly suppressed. Soviets made it clear that they were in control of Eastern Europe. Soviets made it clear that they were in control of Eastern Europe.

4. Nikita Khrushchev Born 1894, son of a coal miner Born 1894, son of a coal miner Fought in Red Army during Civil War Fought in Red Army during Civil War Worked for Communist Party in Moscow and received Order of Lenin for work on Moscow Underground Worked for Communist Party in Moscow and received Order of Lenin for work on Moscow Underground 1949, appointed to run Soviet Agriculture 1949, appointed to run Soviet Agriculture Khrushchev emerges as new leader of Soviet Union following Stalin’s death in 1953 Khrushchev emerges as new leader of Soviet Union following Stalin’s death in 1953 1962, took country close to nuclear war during Cuban Missile Crisis 1962, took country close to nuclear war during Cuban Missile Crisis Forced into retirement in 1964 (died 1971) Forced into retirement in 1964 (died 1971)

5. USSR under Nikita Khrushchev Power struggle emerged after Stalin died in 1953; Khrushchev emerged a few years later Power struggle emerged after Stalin died in 1953; Khrushchev emerged a few years later Stalin’s heirs realized reforms were needed. Stalin’s heirs realized reforms were needed. Widespread fear and hatred of Stalin’s political terror resulted in reduction of power of secret police and gradual closure of forced labor camps. Widespread fear and hatred of Stalin’s political terror resulted in reduction of power of secret police and gradual closure of forced labor camps. Agriculture in bad shape. Agriculture in bad shape. Shortages of consumer goods. Shortages of consumer goods. Hard work and initiative in decline due to poor living conditions. Hard work and initiative in decline due to poor living conditions.

6. De-Stalinization XXth Party Congress, 1956: Khrushchev took startling initiative against hard-liners by denouncing Stalin’s crimes in a closed session. XXth Party Congress, 1956: Khrushchev took startling initiative against hard-liners by denouncing Stalin’s crimes in a closed session. Secret anti-Stalin speech probably most influential statement in Russia since Lenin addressed the crowd on arriving in April 1917. Secret anti-Stalin speech probably most influential statement in Russia since Lenin addressed the crowd on arriving in April 1917. Ordered demolition of monuments to Stalin (statues pulled down, cities renamed, Stalin’s body removed from Kremlin) Ordered demolition of monuments to Stalin (statues pulled down, cities renamed, Stalin’s body removed from Kremlin) Gosplan: Resources shifted from heavy industry and the military toward consumer goods and agriculture – Centralized Economic Planning Gosplan: Resources shifted from heavy industry and the military toward consumer goods and agriculture – Centralized Economic Planning 1956, visit to Warsaw, K. indicated that Polish people should be allowed more freedom 1956, visit to Warsaw, K. indicated that Polish people should be allowed more freedom

7. De-Stalinization Great ferment in the arts (anti-Stalinist views tolerated) Great ferment in the arts (anti-Stalinist views tolerated) Boris Pasternak (1890-1960) wrote Dr. Zhivago in 1956. Boris Pasternak (1890-1960) wrote Dr. Zhivago in 1956. –Story of prerevolutionary intellectual who rejects brutality of revolution of 1917 & Stalinism; even as he is destroyed, he triumphs from his humanity and Christian spirit. Aleksandr Solzenitsyn: One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1962) Aleksandr Solzenitsyn: One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1962) –Portrays in grim detail life in Stalinist concentration camp (he had been a prisoner)

8. Cold War in the 1950s Relations between USSR and U.S. improve with ascension to power of Nikita Khrushchev Relations between USSR and U.S. improve with ascension to power of Nikita Khrushchev Seeks “peaceful coexistence” with the West in order to focus on Soviet economy Seeks “peaceful coexistence” with the West in order to focus on Soviet economy Austrian Independence: USSR agreed in 1955 to real independence for a neutral Austria after 10 years of Allied occupation. Austrian Independence: USSR agreed in 1955 to real independence for a neutral Austria after 10 years of Allied occupation. Resulted in significant reduction in cold war tensions between 1955 & 1957. Resulted in significant reduction in cold war tensions between 1955 & 1957. Khrushchev began wooing new nations of Asia and Africa with promises and aid, even if they were not communist. Khrushchev began wooing new nations of Asia and Africa with promises and aid, even if they were not communist.

9. Reaction of the West Western countries liked Khrushchev’s change of policy Western countries liked Khrushchev’s change of policy Leaders of USSR & USA met in 1955 and 1960 Leaders of USSR & USA met in 1955 and 1960 Reduction in Cold War tensions nicknamed ‘The Thaw’ Reduction in Cold War tensions nicknamed ‘The Thaw’

10. The US Election of 1952 The Twenty-second Amendment set a 10-year limit on the number of years a president could serve. The Twenty-second Amendment set a 10-year limit on the number of years a president could serve. Truman was specifically excluded from the limit. Truman was specifically excluded from the limit. Still, he felt he had served long enough and did not seek reelection in 1952. Still, he felt he had served long enough and did not seek reelection in 1952. Truman Democrats nominated Adlai Stevenson. Democrats nominated Adlai Stevenson. Republicans chose Dwight D. Eisenhower, known as “Ike.” Republicans chose Dwight D. Eisenhower, known as “Ike.” His campaign hit a snag when his vice-presidential running mate, Richard M. Nixon, was accused of being dishonest. His campaign hit a snag when his vice-presidential running mate, Richard M. Nixon, was accused of being dishonest. Eisenhower won on his campaign promise to end the war in Korea. Eisenhower won on his campaign promise to end the war in Korea. Stevenson vs. Eisenhower

11. The Cold War and the Eisenhower Administration Eisenhower kept his campaign promise and traveled to Korea to try and get the stalled peace talks moving. Eisenhower kept his campaign promise and traveled to Korea to try and get the stalled peace talks moving. Even after peace was achieved in 1953, the Cold War continued to rage and to dominate Eisenhower’s presidency. Even after peace was achieved in 1953, the Cold War continued to rage and to dominate Eisenhower’s presidency. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles helped shape Eisenhower’s Cold War policies. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles helped shape Eisenhower’s Cold War policies. Changes of leadership in the Soviet Union and developments in their foreign policy helped keep Cold War tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union at an all time high. Changes of leadership in the Soviet Union and developments in their foreign policy helped keep Cold War tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union at an all time high.

12. Eisenhower’s Cold War Policies John Foster Dulles was critical of the Democrats’ foreign policy. Dulles did not want to merely contain communism; he wanted its roll-back. Dulles believed in brinkmanship, the diplomatic art of going to the brink of war without actually getting into war. To this end he advocated building more nuclear weapons. Dulles also believed in the concept of massive retaliation. This was the promise that the United States would use overwhelming force against the Soviet Union to settle conflicts. Foreign policy also had a secret side—the Central Intelligence Agency, or CIA.

13. Eisenhower’s Cold War Policies- in reality Developed ‘ New Look’- a policy of containment – This meant preventing the extension of soviet communism outside of the areas where it was already established with assumption that with no expansion the soviet system would collapse by itself. Setting up of alliances to encircle the USSR use military power to protect vulnerable areas, eg West Berlin. Assisting forces fighting communism e.g. Diem’s govt in South Vietnam Start increased reliance on nuclear weapons.

15. Spirit of Geneva A summit meeting in Geneva in 1955 between Soviet leaders and Eisenhower resulted in no concrete agreements, A summit meeting in Geneva in 1955 between Soviet leaders and Eisenhower resulted in no concrete agreements, –But helped reduce tensions.

16. Geneva Summit – Soviet Proposal Disband NATO & Warsaw Pact Disband NATO & Warsaw Pact Withdrawal of all foreign troops from Europe and formulation of a European Security Treaty Withdrawal of all foreign troops from Europe and formulation of a European Security Treaty Free elections for re unified Germany Free elections for re unified Germany

17. Geneva Summit – US Reaction Hostile Hostile The ideas were unacceptable to the West European Government and so no agreement on the proposals

18. Geneva Summit and the “Open Skies” Treaty The Spy Plane Incident Americans and Soviets met in Geneva, Switzerland, for a summit meeting in 1955. Eisenhower proposed an “open skies” treaty that would allow each side to fly over the other’s territory to learn more about its military abilities. The Soviets rejected the proposal. Eisenhower wanted to gain information about the Soviet military. In 1960 the Soviets shot down an American U-2 spy plane sent into the Soviet Union to inspect their military facilities. This incident greatly damaged U.S.–Soviet relations. U.S Proposal

19. Geneva Summit – USSR Reaction Hostile Hostile The Soviets did not even bother to make a formal reply. They dismissed ‘as nothing more than a bold espionage plot’. Khrushchev said it was ‘like seeing into our bedrooms.’ Khrushchev said it was ‘like seeing into our bedrooms.’

20. East –West Relations Thaw -1953 – 1955 Thaw -1953 – 1955 After 1955- tension increases again After 1955- tension increases again 1956 – Khrushchev’s de- Stalinization speech led challenges to Soviet Rule in East Europe 1956 – Khrushchev’s de- Stalinization speech led challenges to Soviet Rule in East Europe West involved in the Suez Crisis and so helped to dissipate the good feeling achieved at Geneva West involved in the Suez Crisis and so helped to dissipate the good feeling achieved at Geneva

21. Effects of De-Stalinization De-Stalinization resulted in communist reformers and the masses seeking greater liberty and national independence. De-Stalinization resulted in communist reformers and the masses seeking greater liberty and national independence. Poland: March 1956, riots resulted in release of more than 9000 political prisoners, including previously purged leader Wladyslaw Gomulka. Poland: March 1956, riots resulted in release of more than 9000 political prisoners, including previously purged leader Wladyslaw Gomulka. Gomulka skillfully managed to win greater autonomy for Poland while keeping anti-Soviet feeling at bay. Gomulka skillfully managed to win greater autonomy for Poland while keeping anti-Soviet feeling at bay.

22. Hungarian Uprising, 1956 Students and workers in Budapest installed a liberal Communist reformer, Imre Nagy as new chief in October 1956. Students and workers in Budapest installed a liberal Communist reformer, Imre Nagy as new chief in October 1956. Hungarian nationalists staged huge demonstrations demanding non-communist parties be legalized; turned into armed rebellion and spread throughout the country. Hungarian nationalists staged huge demonstrations demanding non-communist parties be legalized; turned into armed rebellion and spread throughout the country. Hoped U.S. would come in and help achieve Hungarian independence Hoped U.S. would come in and help achieve Hungarian independence Soviet tanks and troops responded by invading Hungary and crushing the national democratic revolution. Soviet tanks and troops responded by invading Hungary and crushing the national democratic revolution. János Kádár installed firm communist rule János Kádár installed firm communist rule After Hungarian invasion, most eastern Europeans hoped for small domestic gains while obediently following USSR in foreign affairs. After Hungarian invasion, most eastern Europeans hoped for small domestic gains while obediently following USSR in foreign affairs.

23. Cold War “Hot Spots” in the 1950s In addition to Korea, Cold War tensions flared up in several other spots around the world in the 1950s. Issues in Vietnam reflected Cold War rivalries. North Vietnam was under the control of Communist leader Ho Chi Minh. South Vietnam was supported by the United States and its anti- Communist allies and headed by President Ngo Dinh Diem. The Middle East was another Cold War “hot spot.” Trouble between Jews and Arabs reached a crisis point in 1948. In addition, Cold War tensions were played out in Egypt as Gamal Abdel Nasser used the support of the Soviet Union to unify the Arab nations.

24. Suez Crisis Egyptian President Gamel Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal in 1956 led to a British, French, and Israeli invasion of Egypt; Egyptian President Gamel Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal in 1956 led to a British, French, and Israeli invasion of Egypt; Eisenhower, infuriated by their pretense and collusion, exerted diplomatic and economic pressure to force a halt to the action, Eisenhower, infuriated by their pretense and collusion, exerted diplomatic and economic pressure to force a halt to the action, –The debacle increased the U.S. and Soviet role in the Middle East.

25. Trouble in the Middle East Israel In 1948 Israel declared its independence. In 1948 Israel declared its independence. A UN resolution had divided Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state. A UN resolution had divided Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state. Arab Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, and Iraq attacked Israel. Arab Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, and Iraq attacked Israel. Israel won the war and the land of Palestine came under the control of Israel, Jordan, and Egypt. Israel won the war and the land of Palestine came under the control of Israel, Jordan, and Egypt.Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser wanted to unite the Arab nations and sought the support of the Soviet Union. Gamal Abdel Nasser wanted to unite the Arab nations and sought the support of the Soviet Union. U.S. leaders did not like this and took away their support for the Aswan High Dam. U.S. leaders did not like this and took away their support for the Aswan High Dam. In retaliation, Nasser seized the Suez canal and almost started a war. In retaliation, Nasser seized the Suez canal and almost started a war. The Eisenhower Doctrine said the U.S. would aid any Nation in the Middle East trying to resist communism. The Eisenhower Doctrine said the U.S. would aid any Nation in the Middle East trying to resist communism.

26. Asia scene The defeat of French forces in Vietnam in 1954 resulted in the division of the country into communist North and U.S.-backed South, The defeat of French forces in Vietnam in 1954 resulted in the division of the country into communist North and U.S.-backed South, –Intended as a transitional stage until nationwide elections.

29. To the Brink and Back (1957-1964)

30. Sputnik After: After: –The Suez crisis, –Recent Soviet economic success, and –USSR's launching of the first artificial satellite in 1957, The communist East appeared to be gaining political, technological, and economic advantages over the West. The communist East appeared to be gaining political, technological, and economic advantages over the West.

31. ARMS RACE Khrushchev's stressed the superiority of Soviet rocket technology, Khrushchev's stressed the superiority of Soviet rocket technology, –But the United States responded by instituting a massive space program and programs to develop strategic missiles.

32. The "Missile Gap" Gaither Report recommendations : Gaither Report recommendations : a vast increase in offensive defense power especially missile a vast increase in offensive defense power especially missile A build up of conventional forces capable of fighting a limited war A build up of conventional forces capable of fighting a limited war Massive build up of fallout shelters Massive build up of fallout shelters

33. The "Missile Gap" Eisenhower's opponents claimed that his administration had allowed the USSR to gain superiority in strategic weapons, though this was not actually the case; Eisenhower's opponents claimed that his administration had allowed the USSR to gain superiority in strategic weapons, though this was not actually the case; –Nevertheless; as missile arsenals increased, the fear of nuclear war and pressure for disarmament became widespread.

34. The Arms Race Arms race—An international contest between the United States and the Soviet Union in which each side was seeking a military advantage over the other New military strategies—Less reliance on conventional forces, such as soldiers and tanks, and more reliance on nuclear weapons, brinkmanship, and massive retaliation These new strategies made keeping the lead in the arms race very important. New bombs and technology—The use of nuclear weapons promoted the research and development of new bombs and other technology.

35. The "Missile Gap" The US Air force U-2 spy planes over USSR proved that there was no missile gap. The US Air force U-2 spy planes over USSR proved that there was no missile gap. Despite this Eisenhower had to do something to alleviate public anxiety so -1958- NASA established Despite this Eisenhower had to do something to alleviate public anxiety so -1958- NASA established

36. The Arms Race New Bombs Scientists worked to make bombs smaller and more easily delivered to enemy targets. Scientists worked to make bombs smaller and more easily delivered to enemy targets. Aircraft were the preferred means of delivering nuclear weapons. Aircraft were the preferred means of delivering nuclear weapons. The U.S. fleet of bombers were spread out and constantly on the move. The U.S. fleet of bombers were spread out and constantly on the move. By the end of the 1950s, intercontinental ballistic missiles, or ICBMs, were developed that could carry nuclear weapons. By the end of the 1950s, intercontinental ballistic missiles, or ICBMs, were developed that could carry nuclear weapons. New Technology In 1954 the Navy launched the first nuclear-powered submarine. In 1954 the Navy launched the first nuclear-powered submarine. The submarines could travel for months without needing to refuel. The submarines could travel for months without needing to refuel. The nuclear-powered submarines were equipped with nuclear weapons. The nuclear-powered submarines were equipped with nuclear weapons. Nuclear power plants in the United States produced electricity in 1957. Nuclear power plants in the United States produced electricity in 1957.

37. Summits A series of meetings between U.S. and Soviet leaders in 1958-59 helped reduce Cold War tensions. A series of meetings between U.S. and Soviet leaders in 1958-59 helped reduce Cold War tensions. –Khrushchev visited the United States in 1959 and received a warm welcome, –A reciprocal visit by Eisenhower to the USSR was planned.

38. U-2 Incident Plans for Eisenhower's visit were canceled, however, Plans for Eisenhower's visit were canceled, however, –After an American U-2 reconnaissance plane was shot down over the USSR in 1960. The incident resulted in a return to tension and mutual suspicion. The incident resulted in a return to tension and mutual suspicion.

39. SPUTNIK 1 4/10/1957 10:28 p.m SPUTNIK 2 03/11/1957 VANGUARD 1 06/12/1957 EXPLORER 31/01/1958 YURI GAGARIN 12/04/1961 APOLLO 11 20/07/1969 THE ‘SPACE RACE’

40. THE BERLIN WALL

41. Another Cold War crisis Background Background East – West rivalry East – West rivalry Berlin divided – contrast the two halves. Berlin divided – contrast the two halves. WEST: Prosperous, helped by US, attracted people from the East. Seen by USSR as infection in the heart of Communist East Germany. EAST: Much less prosperous and under Communist control

42. Focus on refugees from East Germany or East Berlin to West 1949-129,245 1951- 165,648 1953- 331,390 1955- 252,870 1957- 261,622 1959- 143,917 1961- 207,026 1962- 21,356 1963- 42,632 1964- 41,876

43. What they wanted The West Prevent USSR from gaining control of East Germany Prevent USSR from gaining control of East Germany To see a united, democratic Germany To see a united, democratic Germany The East Maintain control over E Germany Maintain control over E Germany Make the West recognise it as an independent state Make the West recognise it as an independent state Stop the flood of refugees especially the skilled and professional ones – much needed in E Germany Stop the flood of refugees especially the skilled and professional ones – much needed in E Germany

44. 1958-Soviet demands West should: Recognise GDR Recognise GDR Withdraw troops from West Berlin Withdraw troops from West Berlin Hand their access routes over to the East German government Hand their access routes over to the East German government Khrushchev bluffed that he would hand East Berlin over to the GDR. West refused and Khrushchev backed down.

45. Events of 1961 June-Vienna Summit June-Vienna Summit Khrushchev pressured new American President John F Kennedy Khrushchev pressured new American President John F Kennedy Demanded withdrawal of Western forces from West Berlin – Kennedy refused Demanded withdrawal of Western forces from West Berlin – Kennedy refused July – Western powers reject Khrushchev’s Vienna demands July – Western powers reject Khrushchev’s Vienna demands July 23 – Flow of refugees from East to West = 1000 a day July 23 – Flow of refugees from East to West = 1000 a day July 25 – Kennedy repeats support for West Berlin and announced increase in arms spending July 25 – Kennedy repeats support for West Berlin and announced increase in arms spending

46. Events cont’d 13-22 August – Khrushchev and East German govt. orders barbed wire barrier across Berlin, followed by a wall of concrete blocks 13-22 August – Khrushchev and East German govt. orders barbed wire barrier across Berlin, followed by a wall of concrete blocks All of West Berlin encircled apart from access points All of West Berlin encircled apart from access points This was against the Four Power agreement reached in Paris on 20 June 1949. This was against the Four Power agreement reached in Paris on 20 June 1949.

47. Did Kennedy really mind the wall? He had protected West Berlin and he never promised to protect East Berlin?

48. Results Important results for Berlin, Germany and the Cold War Important results for Berlin, Germany and the Cold War Berlin was divided, free access ended between East and West, many families split, many attempted to escape to the West-between 1961 and 1989, 86 people died trying to cross the Berlin Wall Berlin was divided, free access ended between East and West, many families split, many attempted to escape to the West-between 1961 and 1989, 86 people died trying to cross the Berlin Wall

50. Results cont’d Kennedy accepted the Soviet action. He refused to use US troops to pull down the wall to avoid war. Kennedy accepted the Soviet action. He refused to use US troops to pull down the wall to avoid war. Kennedy looked weak but West turned it into propaganda – why if Communism was so attractive was a wall needed? Kennedy looked weak but West turned it into propaganda – why if Communism was so attractive was a wall needed? 1963 – Kennedy visited West Berlin – pledged continued support – ‘Ich bin ein Berliner’ (I am a Berliner) – famous speech 1963 – Kennedy visited West Berlin – pledged continued support – ‘Ich bin ein Berliner’ (I am a Berliner) – famous speech Khrushchev lost face by failing to remove the West from Berlin Khrushchev lost face by failing to remove the West from Berlin LINK:CNN - Cold War-The Wall LINK:CNN - Cold War-The WallCNN - Cold War-The WallCNN - Cold War-The Wall

51. The Berlin Wall Berlin Wall built in 1961 Berlin Wall built in 1961 2 million East Germans escaped to West Berlin between 1949-1961; Soviets frustrated 2 million East Germans escaped to West Berlin between 1949-1961; Soviets frustrated Khrushchev threatened President Kennedy: USSR would sign peace treaty with East Germany who would then control access to Berlin; Soviets would protect East Germany’s right to control flow into Berlin. Khrushchev threatened President Kennedy: USSR would sign peace treaty with East Germany who would then control access to Berlin; Soviets would protect East Germany’s right to control flow into Berlin. Berlin Wall built instead of enforcing ultimatum to U.S.; ended future crises over Berlin. Berlin Wall built instead of enforcing ultimatum to U.S.; ended future crises over Berlin.

52. Kennedy and Berlin One of the high points of Kennedy’s foreign travels was a trip he made to Berlin in 1963 to dramatize America’s commitment to West Berlin and West Germany. In a speech at the Berlin Wall, Kennedy electrified an audience of about 150,000 Germans by stating, “Ich bin ein Berliner” (I am a Berliner), thus declaring the solidarity of all free people with the people of West Berlin.

53. John F. Kennedy 1961-1963

54. The Election of 1960 The election of 1960 was the closest since 1884; Kennedy defeated Richard Nixon by fewer than 119,000 votes.

55. Did You Know? He was a decorated naval officer in World War II. He received the Pulitzer Prize for his book, "Profiles in Courage." He served exactly 1,000 days in office. He was the first president born in the 20th century and the youngest president ever elected. He is the only Roman Catholic president He could read 1600 words a minute.

56. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address Kennedy was the youngest person ever to be elected president. His youth helped provide the theme to his inaugural address: “Let the word go forth… That the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans… The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it…And so, my fellow Americans-ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your country.”

57. The Camelot Years With JFK’s youthful glamour and his talented advisors, the Kennedy White House reminded many of a modern- day Camelot, the mythical court of King Arthur.

58. Crisis Over Cuba The first test of Kennedy’s foreign policy came in Cuba, just 90 miles off the coast of Florida. Revolutionary leader, Fidel Castro, openly declared himself a communist and welcomed aid from the Soviet Union.

59. The Bay of Pigs On the nights of April 17,1961, some 1500 Cuban exiles supported by the U.S. military landed on the island’s southern coast at Baja de Cochinos, the Bay of Pigs. The CIA and the exiles hoped it would trigger a mass uprising that would overthrow Castro. It didn’t! Cuban forces, backed by Soviet tanks and jet aircraft, easily repelled the exile invasion. Some of the exiles were killed, others imprisoned.

60. Cuban Missile Crisis In October, 1962, photographs taken by American planes revealed Soviet missile bases in Cuba-and some contained missiles ready to launch. They could reach U.S. cities in minutes.

61. On October 22, Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of Cuba to prevent further deliveries of Soviet weapons. He also demanded that the Soviets remove the missiles. Khrushchev promised to challenge the blockade, calling it “outright banditry.”

62. For a few days, nuclear war and massive destruction was a distinct possibility for every American. In schools, children practiced air raid drills, a common occurrence during the Cold War. People who had built bomb shelters began stocking them with food and other provisions. Even the president called his family to the White House where they could be protected in the presidential nuclear shelter.

64. After the photographic evidence showing Soviet missiles deployed in Cuba had been confirmed, President Kennedy organised a secret meeting of senior advisors at the White House. After the photographic evidence showing Soviet missiles deployed in Cuba had been confirmed, President Kennedy organised a secret meeting of senior advisors at the White House. Kennedy spoke to the American public, and to the Soviet government, in a televised address on October 22. Kennedy spoke to the American public, and to the Soviet government, in a televised address on October 22. Khrushchev sent letters to Kennedy on October 23 and 24. In these he claimed the deterrent nature of the missiles in Cuba and the Soviet Union had peaceful intentions. Khrushchev sent letters to Kennedy on October 23 and 24. In these he claimed the deterrent nature of the missiles in Cuba and the Soviet Union had peaceful intentions. On October 26, they offered to withdraw the missiles if the U.S could guarantee they would not invade Cuba or support any invasion. On October 26, they offered to withdraw the missiles if the U.S could guarantee they would not invade Cuba or support any invasion. Following this the next day October 27, they broadcast on public radio the calling for the withdrawal of U.S missiles in Turkey in addition to the demands of the 26th. Following this the next day October 27, they broadcast on public radio the calling for the withdrawal of U.S missiles in Turkey in addition to the demands of the 26th. Kennedy responded by publicly agreeing to the first deal and sending Robert F. Kennedy to the Soviet embassy to privately agree to the removal of missiles in Turkey. Kennedy requested that Khrushchev keep this second compromise out of the public domain. Kennedy responded by publicly agreeing to the first deal and sending Robert F. Kennedy to the Soviet embassy to privately agree to the removal of missiles in Turkey. Kennedy requested that Khrushchev keep this second compromise out of the public domain. The soviet ships turned back, and on October 28 Khrushchev announce he had ordered the removal of the Soviet missiles in Cuba. The soviet ships turned back, and on October 28 Khrushchev announce he had ordered the removal of the Soviet missiles in Cuba. Satisfied that the Soviets had removed the missiles, President Kennedy ended the quarantine on November 20 1962. Satisfied that the Soviets had removed the missiles, President Kennedy ended the quarantine on November 20 1962. Response by U.S.

65. Suddenly, on October 24, many of the Soviet ships stopped short of the blockade line, turned, and sailed home. “We’re eyeball to eyeball,” said Secretary of State Dean Rusk, “and I think the other fellow just blinked.” On October 28 Khrushchev agreed to dismantle the missile bases in response to Kennedy’s promise not to invade Cuba.

66. The compromise reached satisfied no one, it was a particular embarrassment for Khrushchev and the Soviet Union who had not made public the withdrawal of the missiles in Turkey. The compromise reached satisfied no one, it was a particular embarrassment for Khrushchev and the Soviet Union who had not made public the withdrawal of the missiles in Turkey. U.S. military commanders were also not happy with the result. General LeMay told the president that it was “the greatest defeat in our history” and that the U.S should invade immediately. U.S. military commanders were also not happy with the result. General LeMay told the president that it was “the greatest defeat in our history” and that the U.S should invade immediately. Cuba felt they had been betrayed by the Soviets whom they had trusted, with all the decisions being made exclusively by Kennedy and Khrushchev. Cuba felt they had been betrayed by the Soviets whom they had trusted, with all the decisions being made exclusively by Kennedy and Khrushchev. The Cuban Missile Crisis spurred the creation of the Hot Line. This is a direct communications link between Moscow and Washington D.C. The purpose was to have a way leaders of the two Cold War countries could communicate directly to better solve a crisis like in October 1962. The Cuban Missile Crisis spurred the creation of the Hot Line. This is a direct communications link between Moscow and Washington D.C. The purpose was to have a way leaders of the two Cold War countries could communicate directly to better solve a crisis like in October 1962. After the Crisis

67. The New Frontier President Kennedy’s legislative program to provide medical care for the elderly…. To rebuild blighted urban areas….

68. To increase international aid…. To expand the space program.

69. To aid education…. To bolster the national defense….

70. And to promote civil rights. To provide volunteer assistance to developing nations in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

71. Tragedy in Dallas In the fall of 1963, public opinion polls showed that Kennedy was losing popularity because of his advocacy of civil rights. On November 22, 1963, President and Mrs. Kennedy went to Texas to mend political fences with members of the state’s Democratic Party.

72. Crowds lined the streets of Dallas to greet the President. In front of them sat Texas Governor John Connally and his wife Nellie.

73. As the car approached a state building known as the Texas State Book Depository, rifle shots rang out.

74. Kennedy was shot in the head. His car raced to a nearby hospital, where doctors frantically tried to revive him, but it was too late. President Kennedy was dead.

75. In 1963, the Warren Commission investigated and concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald had shot the president while acting on his own.

76. On Sunday, Nov. 24, as millions watched live television coverage of Oswald being transferred between jails, a nightclub owner named Jack Ruby broke through the crowd and shot and killed Oswald.

79. Fall of Khrushchev, 1964 His cold war foreign policies erratic & ultimately unsuccessful (Berlin, Cuban Missile Crisis) His cold war foreign policies erratic & ultimately unsuccessful (Berlin, Cuban Missile Crisis) Expensive space and armaments programs postponed any significant shift to consumer goods. Expensive space and armaments programs postponed any significant shift to consumer goods. Most important reason: agricultural projects backfired Most important reason: agricultural projects backfired Resurgence of conservative Stalinists led to quiet removal of Khrushchev in October, 1964 Resurgence of conservative Stalinists led to quiet removal of Khrushchev in October, 1964

80. FROM KHRUSHCHEV TO GORBACHEV LEONID BREZHNEV (1906-82, ruled 1964-82) LEONID BREZHNEV (1906-82, ruled 1964-82) REVIVAL OF STALINISM REVIVAL OF STALINISM THE PRAGUE SPRING THE PRAGUE SPRING SOVIET INVASION OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA (August 21, 1968) SOVIET INVASION OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA (August 21, 1968) ALEXANDER DUBČEK (1921-92) ALEXANDER DUBČEK (1921-92) BREZHNEV DOCTRINE (1968) BREZHNEV DOCTRINE (1968) DISSIDENT MOVEMENT DISSIDENT MOVEMENT ANDREI SAKHAROV (1921-89) ANDREI SAKHAROV (1921-89) SOLZHENITSYN’S EXPULSION FROM THE USSR (1974) SOLZHENITSYN’S EXPULSION FROM THE USSR (1974) THE AFGHAN WAR (December 26, 1979 – February 15, 1989) THE AFGHAN WAR (December 26, 1979 – February 15, 1989) SAKHAROV’S EXILE TO GORKY (1980) SAKHAROV’S EXILE TO GORKY (1980) YURI ANDROPOV (1914-84, ruled 1982-84) YURI ANDROPOV (1914-84, ruled 1982-84) CONSTANTINE CHERNENKO (1911-85, ruled 1984-85) CONSTANTINE CHERNENKO (1911-85, ruled 1984-85) DEEPENING OF THE ECONOMIC CRISIS DEEPENING OF THE ECONOMIC CRISIS 1928 (60.5 PERCENT OF OUTPUT WENT INTO CONSUMER GOODS) 1928 (60.5 PERCENT OF OUTPUT WENT INTO CONSUMER GOODS) 1985 (25.2 PERCENT OF OUTPUT WENT INTO CONSUMER GOODS) 1985 (25.2 PERCENT OF OUTPUT WENT INTO CONSUMER GOODS)

81. Return of the Cold War Leonid Brezhnev became new General Secretary (1964- 1982) Leonid Brezhnev became new General Secretary (1964- 1982) Beginning in 1964, USSR began a period of stagnation and limited re-Stalinization Beginning in 1964, USSR began a period of stagnation and limited re-Stalinization Massive arms buildup started in response to humiliation of Cuban Missile Crisis. Massive arms buildup started in response to humiliation of Cuban Missile Crisis. USSR avoided direct confrontation with the U.S. and seemed more committed to peaceful coexistence than Khrushchev had been. USSR avoided direct confrontation with the U.S. and seemed more committed to peaceful coexistence than Khrushchev had been.