1. Department of Bioorganic and Biological Chemistry
Department of Bioorganic and Biological Chemistry. Bioinorganic chemistry. I COURSE LECTURE 4. BIOGENIC ELEMENTS
LECTURER: Professor A.D.DZHURAEV

2. THE LECTURE PURPOSE:
The notion about biogenic elements, spreading elements in the earth’s crust, macro- and microelements of surrounding environment and in organism of the person are given. To consider these questions on examples of the composition of the earth’s crust, surrounding environment, and in organism of the human, composition of the blood, bones, milk and others Nо explain the influence of microelements on development to alive matter and to note that the optimal execution of physiological function by animal and vegetable organisms are provided at wholly determined contents the elements in surrounding environment. The organism outside of relationship with earth’s crust in nature does not exist so necessary to consider lower and upper border of biosphere (existence to life) and emphasize most happy conditions for the life and developments of alive organisms. The rise endemic diseases in connection with the particularity of biogeochemical province are considered. For acknowledgement of this to consider arising the endemic diseases in Uzbekistan (the breach function of thyroid gland) and "urov disease" in East Siberia.
The development to industry enlarges contamination of the surrounding environment so it is important to know the negative sides of the technical progress. The fight against contamination - a problem of paramount state importance, but whereas, contamination is not localized near its sources, but are braked in on the whole atmosphere, on the whole World ocean, that consequences is bored developing research progress is an general planetary problem.
Consideration to regularities of the position of biogenic elements in periodic system allows connect the question about choice of biogenic elements, used by nature for making alive organism with position each of them in periodic system. With topography of the important biogenic elements in organism of the person we must to acquaint the students.
All of these questions must to know the future physician and take into account them in its physician practice.

3. DEALT of questions Abundances of chemical elements in nature
Macro-and micronutrients and their concentration in the body
Biogeochemical provinces and diseases associated with them
Excess concentrations of elements in the industrial and related diseases in professional
Location of biogenic elements in the periodic table of elements

4. DEALT of questions Organogenic elements and their meaning
Information about the essential and "noorganogenic " elements
The diseases caused by the lack of certain elements in the body
Physical and chemical propertie s-, p-and d-elements, as well as medicines, containing in the structure of these elements

5. Types of biogenic elements:
1. on the electronic structure - s, p, d - elements
2. the content in the body of the macro and
mikrobiogenic elements
Makrobiogenic elements - O, C, H, N.
Mikrobiogenic elements - Ca, P, K, S, I, CI, Na, Cu, and others.
    
      Essential elements - Fe, I, Cu, Zn, Co,
Cr, Ni, Mo, V, Se, Mn, As, F, Si, Li
      Candidates for essentiality - Cd, Pb, Sn, Rb
3. By function
     A) vital elements.
     B) elements with the probability of vital necessity.
     C) the elements, the biological significance of which is not fully
studied.

6. Types biogenic elements
Organogenic elements - make up the bulk of the human body: H, O, N, C, P (S), Ca
Noorganogenic elements - found in the body at a certain concentration, with an excess of toxic organism, their biological function is not fully understood -: Ba, Sr, Hg, Pb, As, Bi, Cd, Sb, etc.

7. The biological effect biogenic elements:
synergistic – increases biological effects of another element
2. antagonist – reduces biological effects of another element

8. Quantitative characteristics of macro-and microelements in the living organism
80 of 112 known elements play a role in the life of the organism in the blood contains about 30 elements. In the composition of milk contains 20 different minerals
Macroelements - are 96.3% of the weight of the human body. These include six elements - O, C, H, N, Ca, P, and present in an amount greater than 1%: N-63%, D-25, 5%, C-9, 5%, N-1, 4 %.

9. Quantitative characteristics of macro-and microelements in the living organism
Microelements-Mn, Co, Cu, Mo, Zn, F, Br, I, etc. The content is in the body of less than 0.01%. Most of them are present in the body as part of metalloenzymes
Elements of B, Cs, V, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mo, Co, Se are biophilia and are part of any living organism

10. Distribution of microelements in the human body
In the brain there are elements - aluminum, bismuth, vanadium, iodine, silicon, mission, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, tin, mercury, silver, lead, titanium, chromium, fluoride, and zinc.
In the liver - copper, zinc, manganese, aluminum, titanium, silicon and nickel
In the kidneys - aluminum, iodine, manganese, copper, nickel, tin, lead, titanium, chromium, fluoride, zinc, etc.
In the spleen - aluminum, bromine, iodine, manganese, arsenic, copper, mercury, lead, titanium, chromium and zinc

11. The content of chemical elements in the human body

12. Depot - it's organs and tissues, where there is an accumulation biogenic elements? Microelementoses - a pathological condition of the body due to the action of trace elements or compounds which disrupted the balance of equilibrium.

13. Distribution of microelements in the human body
Found in the blood of about 30 elements. Most of them are in a bound state with proteins. Such as copper, zinc, iron, etc. Calcium, sodium, potassium, lithium in the blood in the form of ions. 
In muscle (42% of the human body) - are present most of the trace elements. 
In the gonads - iodine, molybdenum, lead, titanium, fluorine and zinc. 
In the pancreas - zinc, nickel and cobalt in small quantities. 
In the adrenal glands - bromine, iodine, silicon, titanium, lead, chromium and zinc. 

14. The concentration of uranium in :
The concentrations of some elements in various organs and tissues of the body in the normal state
The blood is considered normal concentration :
Co – 4-8 micrograms %,
Сu – micrograms %,
Fe – micrograms %.
The human body excels absorb radioactive elements from
  environment and distribute them around.
The concentration of uranium in :
muscle tissue around 10-9 %,
blood – 10-8 % ,
kidney– 1,37∙10-6 %, that is 100 times greater than in
blood

15. Dependence on the nature of endemic diseases biogeochemical province
With changing concentration of a particular element in the nature of disbalance occurs, which also applies to the human body and there are endemic diseases:
With a lack of fluoride - caries, with excess - fluorosis
With a lack of iodine - goiter
With a lack of calcium - osteoporosis, tooth decay, with excess lithogenesis kidney and gall bladder
With an excess of strontium - strontium rickets

16. Occupational disease, and changes in the concentration of nutrients
When poisoning aluminum - aluminosis
When poisoning by coal dust-anthracosis
With an excess of silver-argyria
When poisoning beryllium - berylliosis
When poisoning by silicon - silicosis