1. Empires in the East China, Japan, and Russia (1450-1750)
AP World History

2. Presentation Outline
China: Ming Dynasty
China: Early Qing Dynasty
Japan: The Tokugawa Period
Russia: Imperial Expansion

3. 1) China: Ming Dynasty (1368- 1644)
Overthrew Yuan Dynasty
Time of greatest wealth in Chinese history
last native Han Emperors in Chinese history.
first to deal with large numbers of European merchants arriving
Population of about 100 million
Very prosperous time in China
Confucians dominated government again

5. Centralized authority
Emperor directly ruled rather than use chief ministers as Mongols had
New modernized and traditionally Chinese code of laws written
Civil service exam re-instated Chinese scholarship
Careful records kept (census, hereditary social hierarchy) and used to control peasants and strengthen kingdom 5

6. Confucian Centralized authority
Emperor directly ruled rather than use chief ministers as Mongols had
Updated Confucian code of laws written
The Code regulated all aspects of social affairs, for the harmony of political, economic, military, familial, ritual, international, and legal relations in the empire
Civil service exam re-instated so government workers chosen based on Confucian knowledge and ability
Careful records kept (census, hereditary social hierarchy) and used to control peasants and strengthen kingdom

7. Chinese Naval Power expeditions sailed to East Asia, Southeast
Asia, southern India, Ceylon, the Persian Gulf, the
Middle East and Africa.
China the world's greatest commercial naval power in the world at the time, far superior to any European power.

8. Ming China

9. Economy
China continued its shift from agricultural and rural to commercial and urban
Porcelain production and painting (China dishes) became VERY important
Commercial port cities including Beijing, Nanjing, Yangzhou, Suzhou, Guangzhou, Xian and Chengdu grew to trade with Japan and Europe
Farming still important; especially rice and tea
Markets and merchants more important than before

10. Ming China Europe traded silver from S. America to China for porcelain
Resold all over Europe
Linked China to Europe via sea trade
Also sold to Middle East along Silk Rd

11. Ming Industrial Development
textiles, paper, silk, and porcelain traded with Japan, Europe (especially Spain), India, SE Asia and Indonesian islands for:
firearms, and American goods such as sugar, potatoes, and tobacco.
In exchange for raw goods such as silver—probably half the silver mined in the Americas from the mid-1500's to 1800 ended up in China—
technological boom in every area .

12. Fall of Ming
corruption of the court officials and the domination of the eunuchs.
natural disasters like famine from “little ice age” and worst earthquake of all time in Shaanxi(800,000 dead)
the rebellions that racked the country in the 17th century and
– the aggressive military expansion of the Manchus.
By 1643 the government was bankrupt from fighting and the peasants were broke because of the constant taxes imposed to pay the armies to fight

13. 2) China: Early Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1750)
Ming dynasty fell in amid peasant uprisings and Manchu invasion
Manchu and Han Chinese

14. Qing 14

15. Politics Manchus rule - not Han Chinese
strongly resisted by native Han Chinese
2 % of the pop. of China was Manchu
Manchus ruled using Chinese system but Chinese were forbidden to hold high national offices.
Continued Confucian civil service system.
The Neo-Confucian philosophy - obedience of subject to ruler continued 15

16. Economy
Built large public buildings and public irrigation, walls, gates and other infrastructure.
Light taxes to win popularity with people
Commerce and international trade grew enormously especially with Japan and Europe
Exported porcelain, Silk and spices through maritime trade and Silk Road 16

17. Social Order Han Chinese discriminated against
all Han men to wear their hair braided in the back, which they found humiliating
forbid women to bind their feet but repealed the rule in 1688 since they couldn't enforce it
Manchus were forbidden to engage in trade or manual labor.
Intermarriage between the two groups was forbidden.
system of dual appointments was used--the Chinese appointee was required to do the substantive work and the Manchu to ensure Han loyalty to Qing rule. 17

18. Intellectual and Cultural Developments to 1750
European influences enter Chinese thinking
European liberalism emphasizing individualism, freedom, equality, and economic opportunity contradict Confucian ideals
Qing China does not modernize – focuses on the greatness of the past “the self strengthening movement”
the Europeans and Japanese gain trading concessions and some territory from China 18

19. 3) Japan: The Tokugawa Period 1600- 1800s
A shogun (military governor) ruled Japan through retainers who received political rights and large estates in return for military services.
After the 14th century, the ambitions of shoguns and retainers led to a series of civil wars in the 16th century.
Japanese historians refer to the 16th century as the era of sengoku, “the country at war.”

21. Toward the end of the 16th century, powerful states emerged in several regions of Japan.
A series of military leaders brought about the unification of the land.
In 1600 the last of the leaders, Tokugawa Ieyasu, established a military government, the “Tokugawa bakufu” (tent government).
Ieyasu and his descendants ruled the bakufu as shoguns from 1600 until the end of the Tokugawa dynasty in 1867.
Tokugawa Japan

22. Control of Foreign Relations
The shogun closely controlled relations between Japan and the outside world.
They knew that Spanish forces had conquered the Philippine Islands in the 16th century.
They feared that Europeans might cause serious problems by making alliances with daimyo and supplying them with weapons.
Control of Foreign Relations

23. Control of Foreign Relations
During the 1630’s, the shoguns:
forbade Japanese from going abroad,
prohibited the construction of large ships,
expelled Europeans from Japan,
prohibited foreign merchants from trading in Japanese ports,
controlled trade with Asian lands,
permitted small numbers of Chinese and Dutch merchants to trade in Nagasaki.

24. Social and Economic Change
Increased agricultural production
New crop strains
New methods of water control and irrigation
Use of fertilize increased rice yields
Production of cotton, silk, indigo, and sake increased.
Move from subsistence farming to market production.

25. Court life: The Geishas
Similar to the Ottoman harems, the Geisha girls entertained the Tokugawa emperors at court
Although they did act as courtesans, they also performed songs, played instruments, and entertained guests

26. Confucian Social Hierarchy
Ruling Elites
Shogun
Daimyo
Samurai
Peasants and Artisans
Merchants

27. Social Changes
Once Japan was stable, Tokugawa authorities pushed daimyo and samurai to become bureaucrats and government officials.
As they lost their place in society, many of the ruling elite fell into financial difficulty.
Their principal income came from rice collected from peasant cultivators.
Many of them fell into poverty.
Merchants in Japan became increasingly wealthy and prominent.
Japanese cities flourished.
Rice dealers, pawnbrokers and merchants soon controlled more wealth than the ruling elites.

28. Neo-Confucianism
Traditional Confucian values such as filial piety and loyalty to superiors was emphasized.
All those who had formal education (sons of merchants and government officials) received constant exposure to neo-Confucian values.
By the early 18th century, neo-Confucianism had become the official ideology of the Tokugawa bakufu.

29. Christian Missions
In 1549, the Jesuit Francis Xavier traveled to Japan and opened a mission.
Several powerful daimyo adopted Christianity and ordered their subjects to do so.
By the 1580’s about 150,000 Japanese had converted to Christianity.
Tokugawa shoguns restricted European access to Japan for fear Christianity might allow for alliances between daimyo and Europeans.
Buddhist and Confucian scholars resented Christian conviction that their faith was the only true faith.
Christian converts became frustrated that they could not become priests or play leadership roles in the missions.

30. Anti-Christian Campaign
In 1612, shoguns began rigorous enforcement of decrees putting a halt to Christian missions.
They tortured and executed European missionaries who refused to leave as well as Japanese Christians who refused to abandon their faith.
They often executed victims by crucifixion or burning at the stake.
By the late 17th century, the anti-Christian campaign had claimed tens of thousands of lives.
Anti-Christian Campaign

31. 4) Russia: Imperial Expansion
From 1240 to 1487 most of Russia was under Mongolian rule
As a result, Russia was effectively cut out of the European Renaissance
During the 1500s and 1600s Russian Czars began unifying the Russian speaking people and soon expanded their empire to include many non Russian peoples

32. The Muscovite Era and Growth of the Russian Empire:
Late 1400s-Early 1500s
Ivan III "The Great"

33. Russia Expands
Under Peter the Great ( ) and Catherine the Great ( ) the Russian Empire stretched from the Baltic Sea across the Pacific Ocean to Alaska, covering an enormous amount of territory
Russians established fur trading posts in Alaska and set up small settlements
Like the Spanish, Portuguese, English and French, the Russians too would encounter native people in the Americas
Russian soldiers and settlers spread small pox to the native population of Alaska

34. Russia stretched from Europe to Alaska and claimed lands in California.

36. The Fur Trade was a lucrative business for the Russians

37. A small Russian army arrives to fight the Tlingit Nation at Sitka, Alaska in 1804

38. Russian Orthodox Church in Alaska