1. INSTRUMENTATION QUESTIONNAIRE EDU 702 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ZUBAIDAH ABDUL GHANI (2009546185 ) NORELA ELIAS (2009737225) ROSLINA AHMED TAJUDDIN (2009171229)

2. What Are Data? Instrument?  Data – the kinds of information researchers obtain on the subjects of their research.  Instrument – the device the researcher uses to collect data. e.g. pencil-and-paper test, questionnaire  Instrumentation – the entire process of collecting data in a research investigation. 1.Where will the data be collected? 2. When will the data be collected? 3. How often are the data be collected? 4. Who is to collect the data? Key questions location time frequent administration

3. Validity Reliability Objectivity Important consideration in choosing a research instrument:  Validity – the extent to which results from it permit researchers to draw warranted conclusions about the characteristics of the individuals studied. Valid instrument – measures what it is supposed to measure.  Reliability – a reliable instrument is one that gives consistent results.  Objectivity – the absence of subjective judgments.  Usability – instrument easy to use.

4. Classifying Data- Collection Instruments  In educational research, three methods for obtaining information: Researcher instruments Obtained by directly on indirectly assessing the subjects of a study. e.g. observe students in classroom, examine students records, noting the frequency of oral assessment. Informants instruments Provided by other by people about the subjects of a study. e.g. interviews teachers or students and assess each student’s thinking skills based on their prior experience. Subject instruments Self-report data are provided by the subject of the study themselves. e.g. request students products (essays) for evidence, interview student.

5.  Written Response Versus Performance  Written-response instruments include objective. e.g., (multiple choice, true-false, matching, or short answer) tests, short-essay examinations, questionnaires, interview schedules, checklists.  Performance instruments include any device design to measure either a procedure or a product. Designed to see how well procedures can be followed and assess the quality of products. Classifying Data- Collection Instruments

6. Researcher-Completed Instruments  Rating Scale - a measured judgment of some sort. A rating is intended to convey the rater’s judgment about an individual’s behavior or product.  Interview Schedules a set questions to be answered by the subjects of the study.  Observation Forms – Paper-and-pen observation forms that requires the observer to record and evaluate certain behaviors.  Tally Sheets - a device used to record the frequency of students behavior s, activities, or remarks.

7. Researcher-Completed Instruments  Flow charts – helpful in analyzing class discussion.  Performance Checklists - consists of a list of behaviors that make up a certain type of performance.  Anecdotal Records – a record of observed behaviors written down in the form of anecdotes.  Time-and-Motion Logs – the observation and detailed recording over a given period of time of the activities of one or more individuals.

8. Subject-Completed Instruments  Questionnaires – the subject respond to the questions by writing or by marking the answer sheet.  Self-Checklists – a list of several characteristics or activities presented to the subjects of a study.  Attitude Scales – consists of a set of statements to which an individual responds.  Personality Inventories- measure certain traits of individuals or to assess their feelings about themselves.

9. Subject-Completed Instruments  Achievement Tests – measure an individual’s knowledge or skill in a given area or subject.  Aptitude Tests – assess intellectual abilities that are no specifically taught in school.  Performance Tests – measures an individual’s performance on a particular task.  Projective Devices – instrument that allows individuals to project their interests, preferences, anxieties, prejudices and needs through their responses to it.

10. Ratio - The factor which clearly defines a ratio scale is that it has a true zero point. The simplest example of a ratio scale is the measurement of length. Measurement Scale(Cont…) Ex: How tall are you? Has an absolute zero

11. Ratio - The factor which clearly defines a ratio scale is that it has a true zero point. The simplest example of a ratio scale is the measurement of length. Measurement Scale(Cont…) Ex: How tall are you? Has an absolute zero

12. Ratio - The factor which clearly defines a ratio scale is that it has a true zero point. The simplest example of a ratio scale is the measurement of length. Measurement Scale(Cont…) Ex: How tall are you? Has an absolute zero

13. Ratio - The factor which clearly defines a ratio scale is that it has a true zero point. The simplest example of a ratio scale is the measurement of length. Measurement Scale(Cont…) Ex: How tall are you? Has an absolute zero

14. Ratio - The factor which clearly defines a ratio scale is that it has a true zero point. The simplest example of a ratio scale is the measurement of length. Measurement Scale(Cont…) Ex: How tall are you? Has an absolute zero

15. Ratio - The factor which clearly defines a ratio scale is that it has a true zero point. The simplest example of a ratio scale is the measurement of length. Measurement Scale(Cont…) Ex: How tall are you? Has an absolute zero

16. Ratio - The factor which clearly defines a ratio scale is that it has a true zero point. The simplest example of a ratio scale is the measurement of length. Measurement Scale(Cont…) Ex: How tall are you? Has an absolute zero

17. Ratio - The factor which clearly defines a ratio scale is that it has a true zero point. The simplest example of a ratio scale is the measurement of length. Measurement Scale(Cont…) Ex: How tall are you? Has an absolute zero

18. Ratio - The factor which clearly defines a ratio scale is that it has a true zero point. The simplest example of a ratio scale is the measurement of length. Measurement Scale(Cont…) Ex: How tall are you? Has an absolute zero

19. Measurement Scales  Measurement – is the foundation of any scientific investigation.  Anything we do begins with the measurement of whatever it is, we want to study.  Definition – measurement is the assignments of numbers to objects.  Example : When we use a personality test such as EPQ(EysenckPersonalityQuestionnaires) to obtain a measure of Extraversion – “ How outgoing someone is”; we are measuring that personality characteristics by assigning a number (a score on the test) to an object (a person)

20. Measurement Scale(Cont…) Measurement Scale Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio  Nominal – Not really a ‘scale’ because it does not really objects along any dimension.  It simply ‘ label’ objects  For example: Gender Male = 1 Female= 2 Religious Affiliation Buddha =1 Islam = 2 Catholic = 3 Hindu = 4 Christian = 5

21. Measurement Scale (Cont…)  Example Questionnaires for nominal scale measurement Ex: Which of the following would you most like to have? (circle one) Restored 1967 Mustang (=1) Mazda Miata (=2) Jeep Cherokee (=3) Mercedes Sedan (=4)

22.  Ordinal - is where numbers are used to place objects in order. But, there is no information regarding the differences (intervals) between point of scale Measurement Scale (Cont…)  Example Questionnaires for nominal scale measurement Ex: What is your hometown’s approximate population? (circle one) less than 10,000 10,000-50,000 50,001-150,000 150,001-500,000 500,000 or more

23.  Interval - is a scale on which equal intervals between objects, represent equal differences. Interval scales are also scales which are defined by metrics such as logarithms. Measurement Scale (Cont…)  Example Questionnaires for Interval scale measurement  (Likert Scale)

24. Ratio - The factor which clearly defines a ratio scale is that it has a true zero point. - a ratio scale does not have negative values. The simplest example of a ratio scale is the measurement of length. Measurement Scale(Cont…) Ex: How tall are you and what is your weight? It makes sense to talk about zero length and zero weight, but it does not make sense to talk about negative length or negative weight.

25.  Researcher must score the data that have been collected and then organize it to facilitate analysis. -Collected data must be scored accurately and consistently. If not, any conclusions from the data may be erroneous or misleading. -The data usually done by transferring data to some sort of summary data sheet or card. Example: Table 7.3 ( according to the textbook) Preparing Data for Analysis

26. Table 7.3: Hypothetical Results of Study Involving a Comparison of Two Counseling Methods Tabulating and coding the data Score for “Rapport” Method AMethod B 91-10014 81-9012 71-8035 61-7042 51-6055 41-5061 31-4041 21-3017 11-2035 1-1041 N=3333

27. Use Computational to evaluate the data Example: - SPSS - ANOVA to find mode, mean, median, and so forth. -From there, we can conclude our findings. Tabulating and coding the data (cont…)