1. Effecting Change through the use of Motivational Interviewing ISAP/UCLA Psychiatrist Training April 6, 2009 Jeanne L. Obert, MFT, MSM Executive Director, Matrix Institute UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs

2. Motivational Interviewing, 2 nd Edition. Miller and Rollnick We can’t help wondering, why don’t people change? You would think: that having had a heart attack would be enough to persuade a man to quit smoking, change his diet, exercise more, and take his medication

3. You would think….. that the very real threats of blindness, amputations and other complications from diabetes would be enough to motivate weight loss and glycemic control

4. You would think….. that time spent in the dehumanizing privations of prison would dissuade people from re-offending

5. You would think….. that hangovers, damaged relationships, an auto crash, and memory blackouts would be enough to convince a person to stop drinking

6. AND YET Addictive behaviors persist despite overwhelming evidence of their destructiveness.

7. What has occurred The field of addictions has provided a natural arena to study the process of change. What causes change to occur? How does the process unfold? Is it possible to “push the river”? What is the best way to do that?

8. A patient-centered directive method for enhancing intrinsic motivation to change by exploring and resolving ambivalence.

9. Stages of Change Prochaska & DiClemente

10. Precontemplation Stage Definition Not yet considering change or is unwilling or unable to change Primary task Raising Awareness

11. Some Ways to Raise Awareness in the Precontemplation Stage Offer factual information Explore the meaning of events that brought the person in and the results of previous efforts Explore pros and cons of targeted behaviors

12. Contemplation Stage In this stage the patient sees the possibility of change but is ambivalent and uncertain about beginning the process Primary task Resolving ambivalence and helping the patient choose to make the change

13. Possible Ways to Help in the Contemplation Stage Talk about the person’s sense of self- efficacy and expectations regarding what the change will entail Summarize self-motivational (change talk) statements Continue exploration of pros and cons

14. Determination Stage In this stage the patient is committed to changing but is still considering exactly what to do and how to do Primary task Help patient identify appropriate change strategies

15. Possible Ways to Help in the Determination Stage Offer a menu of options for change or treatment Help patient identify pros and cons of various treatment or change options Identify and lower barriers to change Help person enlist social support Encourage person to publicly announce plans to change

16. Action Stage In this stage the patient is taking steps toward change but hasn’t stabilized in the process Primary task Help implement the change strategies and learn to limit or eliminate potential relapses

17. Possible Ways to Help in the Action Stage Support a realistic view of change through small steps Help person identify high-risk situations and develop appropriate coping strategies Assist person in finding new reinforcers of positive change Help access family and social support

18. Maintenance Stage Definition A stage in which the patient has achieved the goals and is working to maintain them Primary task Patient needs to develop new skills for maintaining recovery

19. Possible Ways to Help in the Maintenance Stage Help patient identify and try alternative behaviors (drug-free sources of pleasure) Maintain supportive contact Encourage person to develop escape plan Work to set new short and long term goals

20. Recurrence Definition Patient has experienced a recurrence of the symptoms Primary task Must cope with the consequences and determine what to do next

21. How to Help the Patient Who Has Experienced a Recurrence Explore with person the meaning and reality of recurrence as a learning opportunity Explain Stages of Change and encourage him/her to stay in the process Help person find alternative coping strategies Maintain supportive contact

22. How Can I Help Patients Move through These Stages of Change? Use the microskills Open-ended questions Affirmations Reflections Summaries to elicit and reinforce change talk while observing the principles of MI

23. Four Principles of Motivational Interviewing 1. Express empathy 2.Develop discrepancy 3.Avoid argumentation 4.Support self-efficacy

24. 1.Express Empathy Acceptance facilitates change Skillful reflective listening is fundamental Ambivalence is normal

25. 2.Develop Discrepancy Discrepancy between present behaviors and important goals or values motivates change Awareness of consequences is important Goal is to have the PERSON present reasons for change

26. 3. Avoid Argumentation Resistance is signal to change strategies Labeling is unnecessary Shift perceptions Peoples’ attitudes shaped by their words, not yours

27. 4.Support Self-Efficacy Belief that change is possible is important motivator Person is responsible for choosing and carrying out actions to change There is hope in the range of alternative approaches available

28. Building Motivation OARS Open-ended questioning Affirming Reflective listening Summarizing

29. Open-ended Questions An open-ended question is one with more than a yes or no response Helps person elaborate own view of the problem and brainstorm possible solutions

30. Affirmations Focused on achievements of individual Intended to: –Support person’s persistence –Encourage continued efforts –Assist person in seeing positives –Support individual’s proven strengths

31. Reflective Listening Key-concepts Listen to both what the person says and to what the person means Check out assumptions Create an environment of empathy (nonjudgmental) You do not have to agree Be aware of intonation (statement, not question)

32. SUMMARIZING  Summaries capture both sides of the ambivalence (You say that ___________ but you also mentioned that ________________.)  Summaries also prompt clarification and further elaboration from the person.

33. Change Talk Recognizing the problem Expressing concern Stating intention to change Being optimistic about change

34. Signs of Readiness to Change Less resistance Fewer questions about the problems More questions about change Self-motivational statements Resolve Looking ahead Experimenting with change

35. JLObert@matrixinstitute.org www.matrixinstitute.org www. uclaisap.org http://motivationalinterview.org Enhancing Motivation for Change in Substance Abuse Treatment TIP 35 JLObert@matrixinstitute.org www.matrixinstitute.org www. uclaisap.org http://motivationalinterview.org Enhancing Motivation for Change in Substance Abuse Treatment TIP 35 http://motivationalinterview.org JLObert@matrixinstitute.org www.matrixinstitute.org www. uclaisap.org http://motivationalinterview.org Enhancing Motivation for Change in Substance Abuse Treatment TIP 35 JLObert@matrixinstitute.org www.matrixinstitute.org www. uclaisap.org http://motivationalinterview.org Enhancing Motivation for Change in Substance Abuse Treatment TIP 35 http://motivationalinterview.org