1. By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
The
Industrial
Revolution
By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

2. Why Did
Industrialization
Begin in
England First?

3. France vs. England in the 1700’s
Feudal System still in place until the French Revolution
Peasants were “owned” by their lords
Strict classes separated by Estates
Farming innovation discouraged
Peasant farmers continued to have labor and crop obligations to their lord
Common people remained largely illiterate, but reading became a “fad” for the upper class

4. France vs. England in the 1700’s
England (constitutional monarch 1688)
The feudal system was abolished after the renaissance and black plague
Their were no labor or crop restrictions
Innovation was rewarded
Literacy was valued.. The literacy rate at the end of 1700 was 63%
Culturally, intellect and innovation were respected and encouraged
Little censorship
Classes remained, only landowners could vote
Class privilege remained, with most men unqualified to vote because of a land qualification law. A few owned much of the country's agricultural land. Some others owned small farms. Some people rented land from the big landowners, giving the landowner a share of the wealth they produced. And many others labored for wages on the landowner's property and were able to graze a pig or a cow on the village common.

5. Culture of England People who wanted to make a profit
Francis Bacon’s Question: “How could man enjoy perfect freedom if he had to constantly labor to supply the necessities of existence?”
Industrial Revolution was made by enlightened men who wanted such a thing to occur
People who wanted to make a profit
A culture in which man now had not only the opportunity and knowledge, but the physical means to subdue nature

6. That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte
Industrial England:
"Workshop
of the World"
That Nation of Shopkeepers! Napoleon Bonaparte

7. Factors leading to the Industrial Revolution
Agricultural Revolution
Population Growth
Financial Innovations in England
Stock Market, Joint Stock Companies, Central Banks
Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution
Navigable Rivers and Canals
Government Policies
Encourage innovation

8. The Enclosure Movement
1750: Parliamentary acts that closed open fields and “waste” land to the peasantry.
- This was land the poor class was sharing to graze animals and farm for free

9. “Enclosed” Lands Today
Necessary to raise agricultural surplus (3 field crop rotation)
But
Brought disaster to the English poor
Historically in common lands, farmers executed a 3 field rotation system. These fields were in long strips shared amongst villagers who did not all the time work together to plant the best crop for the soil. Open field planting is more effective and increased the productivity of the land. More crops could be cultivated, but someone would have to control the land to get that productivity out of it. Parliament passed the Enclosure Acts in 1710 but did not start enforcing them until 1750

10. Metals, Woolens, & Canals
Industry of England
Metals, Woolens, & Canals

11. Early Canals Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
Canals were needed for the Industrial Revolution which was creating huge amounts of heavy produce which had to be moved. Roads simply could not handle such weights and the vehicles needed to move this produce did not exist. Canals were the answer to moving heavy objects large distances.  
Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
Why Canals and not Roads?

12. Innovations of the Industrial Revolution
Cotton Spinning Innovations;
Water Frame (Richard Arkwright)
Cotton Spinning Jenny
Steam Engine (James Watt)
Innovations make steel feasible.
“Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”
“Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel.
Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.
Video

13. Young Coal Miners

14. Child Labor in the Mines
Child “hurriers”

15. British Pig Iron Production

16. Richard Arkwright: “Pioneer of the Factory System”
The “Water Frame”

17. Factory Production
Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor].
Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].
Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor.
Only 10% of English industry in

18. Textile Factory Workers in England

19. Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

20. Industrial Revolution
New Inventions
of the
Industrial Revolution

21. Jacquard’s Loom

22. John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

23. The Power Loom

24. James Watt’s Steam Engine

25. Steam Tractor

26. Steam Ship

27. An Early Steam Locomotive

28. The Impact of the Railroad

29. Industrial Revolution
The "Haves":
Bourgeois Life
Thrived on the
Luxuries of the
Industrial Revolution

30. Charles Dickens' Reading
Open the last Charles Dickens' story.
File Cabinet
Charles Dickens Excerpts
Answer the following Questions
What problems does Dickens reveal in the attitudes of such characters as Mrs. Pardiggle? Mr. Gradgrind?
Do you think Dickens exaggerated workers' conditions for dramatic effect or presented a factual picture of their lives? Explain, based on what you know from prior experience about this time period. You must have facts to back up your position.

31. Charles Dickens Questions
What effects might the writings of Dickens have had on you if you had been each of the following? Why?
(a) a lower-class factory worker;
(b) a factory owner;
(c) a member of Parliament;
(d) a prosperous farmer

32. 19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

33. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

34. “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

35. The "Have-Nots":
The Poor,
The Over-Worked,
& the Destitute

36. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker
Male Wages
Female Wages
under 11
2s 3d.
2s. 4d.
4s. 1d.
4s. 3d.
10s. 2d.
7s. 3d.
17s. 2d.
8s. 5d.
20s. 4d.
8s. 7d.
22s. 8d.
8s. 9d.
21s. 7d.
9s. 8d.
20s. 3d.
9s. 3d.
16s. 7d.
8s. 10d.
16s. 4d.
8s. 4d.
13s. 6d.
6s. 4d.

37. Industrial Staffordshire

38. The Silent Highwayman - 1858
Problems of Polution
The Silent Highwayman

39. The New Industrial City

40. Early-19c London by Gustave Dore

41. Worker Housing in Manchester

42. Factory Workers at Home

43. Workers Housing in Newcastle Today

44. The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

45. Response to Industrialization: Acceptance or Rejection

46. In a small group you will:
Research your assigned reform group
After gathering facts create a short Google presentation
Your presentation should include:
Name of your reform group
Years associated with the movement
Basic beliefs of your group (make sure you include why they believe what they did)
Groups influence in society and society’s response to the group

47. Reformers Luddites Chartists Karl Marx and Socialism
Utopians and Socialism
Laissez-Faire Economics
Adam Smith
Thomas Malthus
David Ricardo
Utilitarian's (Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mills)
Parliamentary Reform
Unions

48. Protests / Reformers

49. The Luddites: 1811-1816 Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]

50. The Luddite Triangle

51. The Luddites

52. The Neo-Luddites Today

53. Peterloo Massacre, 1819
British Soldiers Fire on British Workers: Let us die like men, and not be sold like slaves!

54. The Chartists Key Chartist settlements Centres of Chartism
       
Chartist settlements
        
Centres of Chartism
     
Area of plug riots, 1842

55. The “Peoples’ Charter”
Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.
Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.
Votes for all men.
Equal electoral districts.
Abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.
Payment for Members of Parliament.
Annual general elections.
The secret ballot.

56. The Chartists A female Chartist
A physical force— Chartists arming for the fight.

57. Anti-Corn Law League, 1845
Give manufactures more outlets for their products.
Expand employment.
Lower the price of bread.
Make British agriculture more efficient and productive.
Expose trade and agriculture to foreign competition.
Promote international peace through trade contact.

58. New Ways of
Thinking

59. Thomas Malthus Population growth will outpace the food supply.
War, disease, or famine could control population.
The poor should have less children.
Food supply will then keep up with population.

60. David Ricardo “Iron Law of Wages.”
When wages are high, workers have more children.
More children create a large labor surplus that depresses wages.

61. The Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill
The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number.
There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safety net.

62. Jeremy Bentham

63. The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists
People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals.
Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

64. Br. Govt. Response
to the Dislocation
Created by
Industrialization

65. Parliamentary Response
Factory Act [1833] – child labor.
No child workers under nine years of age
Employers must have an age certificate for their child workers
Children of 9-13 years to work no more than nine hours a day
Children of years to work no more than 12 hours a day
Children are not to work at night
Two hours schooling each day for children
Four factory inspectors appointed to enforce the law.
New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief.
Poor were housed in workhouses, clothed and fed.
Children would receive some schooling.
In return for this care, all workhouse paupers would have to work for several hours each day.
Corn Law- taxes put on imports of corn, grains, and other agricultural products

66. British Reform Bill of 1832

67. British Reform Bills

68. The Results of
Industrialization
at the end of the 19c

69. By 1850: Zones of Industrialization on the European Continent
Northeast France.
Belgium.
The Netherlands.
Western German states.
Northern Italy
East Germany  Saxony

70. Industrialization By 1850

71. Railroads on the Continent

72. Share in World Manufacturing Output: 1750-1900

73. The Politics of Industrialization
State ownership of some industries.
RRs  Belgium & most of Germany.
Tariffs  British Corn Laws.
National Banks granted a monopoly on issuing bank notes.
Bank of England.
Bank of France.
Companies required to register with the government & publish annual budgets.
New legislation to:
Establish limited liability.
Create rules for the formation of corporations.
Postal system.
Free trade zones  Ger. Zollverein

74. Bibliographic Sources
“Images of the Industrial Revolution.” Mt. Holyoke College.
“The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”