1. By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY and Ms. Snyder of CCHS

2. The “Little Ice Age”: 1350-1700

3. Medieval or Traditional Society Farming During the Middle Ages Disadvantages Some Forces of Change

4. Village Farming

5. Feudal Common Field System

6. “Summer” by Pieter Brueghel the Elder (1568)

7. “Summer” by Pieter van der Heyden (1570)

8. “Summer” by Pieter Brueghel the Younger (1622)

9. 17c European Agrarians

11. Dutch Vegetable Market

12. Agricultural Revolution Enclosure Movement

13. Enclosure Riots

14. The Diggers

15. “Enclosed” Lands Today

16. Crop Rotation Wheat Turnips Alfalfa/Clover Oats/Barley

17. Crop Rotation Wheat Turnips Alfalfa/Clover Oats/Barley

18. RESULTS CYCLICAL EFFECT: SHIFT POWER BALANCE:

19. 18c Population Growth Rate

20. Population Takeoff in Europe

21. Cottage Industries and Early Capitalism

22. Cottage Industries: aka The “Putting-Out” System or the Domestic System

23. Cottage Industries:

25. The Textile Industry and Factory System

26. Textile Industry Invented 1.New Inventions

27. Spinning Yarn Spinning Yarn Before

28. “Spinning Jenny” James Hargreaves (1767) “Spinning Jenny” James Hargreaves (1767) After

29. Richard Arkwright: “Pioneer of the Factory System” The Water Frame - 1768

30. John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

31. The Power Loom Edmund Cartwright (1785)

32. Jacquard’s Loom

33. Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

34. The Cotton Gin: Eli Whitney (1793)

35. Textile Industry Invented 2.Rise of the Factories Machines became larger, faster, more expensive, and needed more power Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor]. Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets]. Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor.

36. Early Factories were nice places to work. People cooked and lived together in employee communities and their children went to community schools. Bosses knew their employees personally. The Mills at Lanmark

37. Later Factories were bigger, harsher places. Bosses did not know their employees, did not care about them and could always hire someone else. Manchester Factory Building

38. 3. Effects of the textile factories in Britain1813 2400 looms 2400 looms 250,000 HL 150, 000 workers 150, 000 workers 1833 85, 000 looms 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers 200, 000 workers 1850 224, 000 looms 40,000 HL >1 million workers 1860 3,000 HL

39. Textile Factory Workers in England

40. The Factory System Rigid schedule. 12-14 hour day. Dangerous conditions. Mind-numbing monotony.

41. A Woosted Mill in Bedworth, England, 1800

42. CHANGES IN TRANSPORTATION

43. James Watt’s Steam Engine

44. Steam Tractor

45. Steam Ship (1776)

46. The Steam Locomotive Richard Trevithick The London Steam Carriage

47. Richard Trevithick continued… 1804 Locomotive “Catch-Me-Who-Can” 1808

48. An Early Steam Locomotive

49. Later Locomotives

50. The Impact of the Railroad

51. Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851 Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

52. Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

53. Crystal Palace: British Ingenuity on Display

54. Crystal Palace: American Pavilion

56. 19 c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

57. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

58. “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

60. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830 Age of WorkerMale WagesFemale Wages under 112s 3d.2s. 4d. 11 - 164s. 1d.4s. 3d. 17 - 2110s. 2d.7s. 3d. 22 - 2617s. 2d.8s. 5d. 27 - 3120s. 4d.8s. 7d. 32 - 3622s. 8d.8s. 9d. 37 - 4121s. 7d.9s. 8d. 42 - 4620s. 3d.9s. 3d. 47 - 5116s. 7d.8s. 10d. 52 - 5616s. 4d.8s. 4d. 57 - 6113s. 6d.6s. 4d.

61. Industrial Staffordshire

62. The New Industrial City

63. Early-19c London by Gustave Dore

64. Worker Housing in Manchester

65. Factory Workers at Home

66. Workers Housing in Newcastle Today

67. The New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

68. Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

69. Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”

71. The Luddites: 1811-1816 Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest] Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].

72. The Luddite Triangle

73. The Luddites

74. The Neo-Luddites Today

75. British Soldiers Fire on British Workers: Let us die like men, and not be sold like slaves! Peterloo Massacre, 1819

76. The Chartists Key Chartist settlements Centres of Chartism Area of plug riots, 1842

77. The “Peoples’ Charter”  Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.  Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832. Votes for all men. Equal electoral districts. Abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners. Payment for Members of Parliament. Annual general elections. The secret ballot.

78. The Chartists A physical force— Chartists arming for the fight. A female Chartist

79. Anti-Corn Law League, 1845  Give manufactures more outlets for their products.  Expand employment.  Lower the price of bread.  Make British agriculture more efficient and productive.  Expose trade and agriculture to foreign competition.  Promote international peace through trade contact.

81. Thomas Malthus  Population growth will outpace the food supply.  War, disease, or famine could control population.  The poor should have less children.  Food supply will then keep up with population.

82. David Ricardo  “ Iron Law of Wages.”  When wages are high, workers have more children.  More children create a large labor surplus that depresses wages.

83. The Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill  The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number.  There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safety net.

84. The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists  People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals.  Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.  Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

86. That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte

87. The Enclosure Movement

88. British Raw Materials

89. 18c British Port

90. The Growth of England’s Foreign Trade in the 18c

91. 18c English “Nouveau Riche”: The Capitalist Entrepreneur

93. Government Response Abolition of slavery in the colonies in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain]. Sadler Commission to look into working conditions * Factory Act [1833] – child labor. New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief. * Poor houses. Reform Bill [1832] – broadens the vote for the cities.

95. French Economic Disadvantages  Years of war  Supported the American Revolution.  French Revolution.  Early 19c  Napoleonic Wars  Heavy debts.  High unemployment  soldiers returning from the battlefronts.  French businessmen were afraid to take risks.

97. By 1850: Zones of Industrialization on the European Continent Northeast France. Belgium. The Netherlands. Western German states. Northern Italy East Germany  Saxony

98. Industrialization By 1850

99. Railroads on the Continent

100. European Industrial Production

101. Shares in World Trade: Leading European Nations

102. Industry & Population: 18c Europe

103. European Urbanization

104. The Politics of Industrialization  State ownership of some industries.  RRs  Belgium & most of Germany.  Tariffs  British Corn Laws.  National Banks granted a monopoly on issuing bank notes.  Bank of England.  Bank of France.  Companies required to register with the government & publish annual budgets.  New legislation to:  Establish limited liability.  Create rules for the formation of corporations.  Postal system.  Free trade zones  Ger. Zollverein

105. Companies required to register with the government & publish annual budgets. New legislation to: Establish limited liability. Create rules for the formation of corporations. Postal system. Free trade zones  Ger. Zollverein

106. Bibliographic Sources  “Images of the Industrial Revolution.” Mt. Holyoke College. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/ ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.html  “The Peel Web: A Web of English History.” http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c- eight/primary.htm