1. Understanding & Use of the Internet
Future of the Internet
Spring 2012
G. F Khan, PhD

2. Introduction Internet is now approximately 41 years of age.
No technology has evolved so much in so little time.
Particularly, in the past fifteen years or so, it has completely reinvented itself.
Now we not only shop, bank, work and meet people online but
we share what we are doing at any given moment (e.g. Twitter, Face book)
We read, listen and watch everything.
What is NEXT?

3. Next Internet of Things?

4. Future of the Internet PAST  Present  Future
Present: Internet of computers
Future: Internet of things?

5. Convergence of telecommunication, informatics and electronics
Internet of things
Definitions:
“Things having identities and virtual personalities operating in smart spaces using intelligent interfaces to connect and communicate within social, environmental, and user contexts.”
“Interconnected objects having an active role in what might be called the Future Internet.”
Wikipedia: In computing, the Internet of Things refers to a, usually wireless and self-configuring, network between objects, such as household appliances
Semantically:
“A world-wide network of interconnected objects uniquely addressable, based on standard communication protocols.”
Convergence of telecommunication, informatics and electronics

6. Next Internet Revolution:
Other terminologies
Ambient Intelligence
Ubiquitous computing
Machine-To-Machine
Pervasive computing
Everyware
ADUN: Appliance Defined Ubiquitous Network
Invisible computing
Next Internet Revolution:
From networking of human beings to networking of things

7. Towards the Internet of Things: the Post PC-era

8. Future Internet Current: Web 2.0 Future Web 3.0 User created contents
Mostly network of computers
Future Web 3.0
The Internet of Things means that wireless interaction between machines, vehicles, appliances, sensors and many other devices will take place using the Internet.
Most, if not all major computer companies and technology developers (HP, Cisco, Intel, Microsoft, etc.) are putting large amounts of time and money into the Internet of Things.

9. Why “Real” Information is so Important?
Improve Productivity
Save Resources
Enable New Knowledge
Increase
Comfort
Enhance Safety & Security
Preventing Failures
Improve Food & H20
Protect Health
High-Confidence Transport

10. Four important technological enablers
RFID: a simple, unobtrusive and cost-effective system of identification and communication
Sensor technologies: detection of changes in the physical status of things
Smart technologies: embedded intelligence in the things themselves
Cloud Computing: smaller and smaller things having the ability to interact and connect

11. 1. RFID
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses communication through the use of radio waves to exchange data between a reader and an electronic tag attached to an object, for the purpose of identification and tracking.
The Internet of Things consists of objects that are ‘tagged’ with RFID that communicate their position, history, and other information to an RFID reader or wireless network.
An RFID tag used for electronic toll collection.

12. How RFID works? Example from supply chain in future store.

13. RFID Three components: Frequencies: LF: 125kHz HF: 13.56MHz
Transponder or tag consisting of a coupling element (coil or antenna) and an electronic chip. No need of power source since the tag take the energy from the EM field emitted by the readers.
Interrogator or reader
Middleware which forwards the data to another system such as a database, a PC or robot control system
Frequencies:
LF: 125kHz
HF: 13.56MHz
UHF: MHz
Lack of established international standard, except EPC
EPC: Electronic Product Code

14. Verichip: Implantable RFID

15. Possible uses Access management Tracking of goods and RFID in retail
Tracking of persons and animals
Toll collection and contactless payment
Machine readable travel documents
Airport baggage tracking logistics
etc

16. Example: T-money
In South Korea, T-money cards can be used to pay for public transport.
It can also be used in most convenience stores and vending machines in subways as cash.
90% of cabs in Seoul accept card payment, including most major credit cards and the T-money card.

17. RFID: More than barcode
Unique identification of individual items, allowing databases of specific item/location information to be generated, giving each item its own identity for real-time identification and tracking.
Data capture without the need for line of sight or physical manipulation.
Tags can be passive, semi-passive or active, and also read-only, read/write or read/write/re-write.
Privacy-Enhancing Technologies can be used to kill or block tags. Ex: biometric passport
"privacy-enhancing technologies" : te rappeler l'exemple du passeport biométrique : lecture obligatoire de la piste optique 'barcode’ pour en extraire la clé de cryptage de la liaison RFID, donc impossible de lire "au vol" ton passeport fermé dans ta poche

18. 2. Sensor technologies

19. 2. Sensor technologies Bridge between physical and virtual worlds
Sensors: Collect data from the environment
« Two heads are better than one »: Intelligence of a single sensor increases exponentially when used in a network
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN): low cost, flexibility
Sensor node: small, low-power, includes sensor, power-supply, data storage, µP, low-power radio, ADCs, data transceivers and controllers
RFID sensor tag: combining RFID and sensor

20. Sensor technologies Major challenges:
Possibility for nodes to self-organize themselves into a network
Power constraint
Size reduction
Memory and storage capacity
Limited processing speed and communication bandwith

21. Example: Pigeonblog – An alternative way to participate in environmental air pollution data gathering
Urban homing pigeons equipped with GPS enabled electronic air pollution sensing devices capable of sending real-time location based air pollution and image data to an online mapping/blogging environment.

22. Pigeonblog Social Impact
Pigeons tell about quality of air we breath
Importance of pigeons shifts from a common nuisance to a participant in life and death discussions about the state of the micro-local environment

23. 3. Smart technologies/systems
Any conventional material or thing that can react to external stimuli may be called « smart thing »
Smart materials: passive, active and autonomous
Smart clothing and wearable computing
Smart homes
Smart vehicles
Robotics

24. Smart technologies/systems Ubiquitous computing
This is is also described as pervasive computing, ambient intelligence, or invisible computing
Computer will become invisible due to small size
Everywhere e.g. beneath your cloths and even skin

25. Examples: Smart home Smart refrigerator can order eggs and vegetables
Smart cabinet connected to the internet can order your health medicines

26. Japanese vision of ubiquitous sensor networks

27. Cloud computing

28. Cloud computing
Cloud computing refers to the on-demand provision of computational resources (data, software) via a computer network, rather than from a local computer.
Users can submit a task, such as word processing, to the service provider, without actually possessing the software or hardware

29. Cloud computing
The consumer's computer may contain very little software or data (perhaps a minimal operating system and web browser only.
Examples
thinkfree.com
Dropbox.com

30. IoT Challenges Energy: Harvesting, conservation & consumption
New and more efficient and compact energy storage: batteries, fuel cells, and printed/polymer batteries, supercapacitors…
New energy generation devices coupling energy transmission methods or energy harvesting/scavenging using energy conversion.

31. IoT Challenges Intelligence:
Capabilities of context awareness and inter-machine communication: sensing ane localization
Communication capabilities: multi-standard & multi-protocol compatibility
Integration of memory and processing power
Ultra low power design: from processors/microcontrollers cores, signal processing & sensors to base stations
Capacity of resisting harsh environments
Affordable security
New class of simple and affordable IoT-centric smart systems
Intelligence vs Size & cost trade-off

32. IoT Challenges
Interoperability: Future tags must integrate different communication standards and protocols that operate at different frequencies and allow different architectures, centralized or distributed, and be able to communicate with other networks unless global, well defined standards emerge.
Standards: Without clear and recognized standards such as the TCP5/IP6 in the Internet world, the expansion of the Internet of Things beyond RFID solutions cannot reach a global scale.
Sustainable fully global, energy efficient communication standards that are security and privacy centered and are using compatible or identical protocols at different frequencies are therefore needed.
Manufacturability: Costs must be lowered to less than one cent per tag, and production must reach extremely high volumes, while the whole production process must have a very limited impact on the environment.
TinyOS est un système d’exploitation open-source conçu pour des réseaux de capteurs sans-fil. Il respecte une architecture basée sur une association de composants, réduisant la taille du code nécessaire à sa mise en place. Cela s’inscrit dans le respect des contraintes de mémoires qu’observent les réseaux de capteurs.
Pour autant, la bibliothèque de composant de TinyOS est particulièrement complète puisqu’on y retrouve des protocoles réseaux, des pilotes de capteurs et des outils d’acquisition de données. L’ensemble de ces composants peut être utilisé tel quel, il peut aussi être adapté à une application précise.
En s’appuyant sur un fonctionnement événementiel, TinyOS propose à l’utilisateur une gestion très précise de la consommation du capteur et permet de mieux s’adapter à la nature aléatoire de la communication sans fil entre interfaces physiques.

33. IoT Challenges Security and Privacy Control: Big Brother?
Widespread adoption of any object identification system: need for special long-term security protection installed.
Network Infrastructure Creation and Evolution
Efficient migration from the Internet / Efficient use of the existing infrastructures
Accommodate functionally-improved objects and technologies in the future

34. The purpose of IoT should be
Provide a bridge between physical and virtual worlds
Via instrumented and managed sensorized physical environment
Support pervasive computing
From wireless devices to supercomputers
From wireless channels to all optical light-paths
Enable further innovations in S&E research
Create a social world in which we would want to live
Be worthy of our society’s trust

35. Conclusion
Internet Of Things : fusion of the real, virtual and digital worlds, creating a map of the physical world within the virtual space
Innovative technologies and approaches will be required to make IOT a reality
Innovation will come from convergence of sciences and technologies
Internet des Objets: fusion des mondes réel, virtuel et numérique pour créer une cartopgraphie du monde physique dans l’espace virtuel
Pour que le concept devienne une réalité il va falloir dévelooper des technologies et des approches innovantes
Cette innovation viendra de la convergence des sciences et technologies de l’informatique, des télécommunications et de l’électronique
Cette fertilisation croisée des disciplines permet que > 2
L’IOT est une vraie opportunité pour le LAAS de mettre en oeuvre son interdisciplinarité.

36. Next Lecture
E-government

37. Thank You
Questions & Comments