1. Key Issue 3

2. Where does development vary by gender? Gender-related development index Gender empowerment Miss Representation Trailer

3. A country’s overall development can hide inequalities in the status of men and women Gender inequality exists in every country of world Some more than less

4. Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) Compares the level of devp’t of women with that of both sexes Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) Compares ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making Flashcards

5. Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) Combines the same indicators from HDI (income, literacy, education and life expectancy) to reflect differences in gender GDI penalizes countries for having large disparities IranMexico Children Enrolled in School 2/3 of population GDILowerhigher GirlsLess likely to be enrolled in school More likely to be enrolled in school

6. GDI Complete gender equality = 1.0 No country has perfect GDI High GDI: men & women have high level of devp’t, with women slightly lower than men Low GDI: women have low level of devp’t Highest GDI: Norway with 0.960 High GDI: Western Europe North America Lowest GDI: Sub-Saharan Africa Because I am a girl Video

7. Economic Indicator of Gender Differences UN uses average income of males & females Avg. income for women is less in every country WomenMen US$29,017$46,456 MDCs2/3 of men Switzerland$3,000 less Austria, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg $20,000 less LDCs$ amount is lowMuch higher %

8. Social Indicators of Gender Differences Two social indicators: Education & Literacy LDCs: women less likely to attend school, especially secondary school (high school) LDCs: ration of women to men in school 60:100, 40% MDCs: ratio of women to men in school 99: 100, 50% Sub-Saharan Africa & Middle East: large disparity Fewer than 1/3 of girls attend school Latin America & Asia Almost equal, but less than MDCs

9. Social Indicators of Gender Differences Literacy MDCs: literacy rate is near equal for men/women Latin America & Asia: similar, but not equal Sub-Saharan Africa & Middle East: female literacy rate is low, much lower than male Cause & consequence of low contribution females are permitted to make in economy & culture

10. Demographic Indicator Life expectancy MDCs: gender gap is greater Females live several years longer (US: 6yrs) LDCs: small gap Females live 1-2yrs longer Childbearing: poor medical conditions Gap of women’s status is on reducing trend Reduced 2/3 in LDC & ¼ in MDC since 1970

11. Gender Empowerment GDI reflects improvements of standard of living & well-being of women GEM measures ability of women to participate in process of achieving those improvements Less women than men hold positions of economic & political power in every country of world

12. Gender Empowerment Measure GEM Calculated by combining: 2 indicators of economic power Income Professional jobs 2 indicators of political power Managerial jobs Elected jobs Perfect GEM: 1.0 Highest GEMs: MDCs, North America, North Europe, South Pacific Lowest GEMs: Africa, Asia

13. Economic Indicators of GEM Percentage of women in professional & technical jobs Offer women greatest opportunity for advancement to positions that influence country’s economy Cultural barriers can prevent women from these jobs Highest percentage: Northern Europe & North America More than half are women

14. Economic Indicators of GEM 2 nd Indicator: income held by women, GDI Average income for women less in EVERY country

15. Political Indicators of GEM 1 st Indicator: % of country’s administrative & managerial jobs MDCs: higher % of women, especially North America, Northern Europe and South Pacific, more than 1/3 LDCs: less than ¼ are held by women

16. Political Indicators of Empowerment 2 nd Indicator: Percentage of women elected to public office More women than men vote in most places No country has parliament/congress with majority women Highest percentage: Northern Europe, 1/3 of parliament MDCs: 1 in 5 are legislators LDCs: less than 1 in 10 are legislators US: 15% are legislators Every country has lower GEM than GDI

17. Discussion Panel about Gender Inequality in the Middle East Christiane Amanpour Women's Rights in the Middle East Christiane Amanpour Women's Rights in the Middle East

18. Key Issue 4 Why do Less Developed Countries Face Obstacles to Development Development through self-sufficiency Development through international trade Financing development Fair trade