1. KI 3: Where does level of development vary by gender?
Ch. 9— Development
KI 3: Where does level of development vary by gender?

2. Read pg. 284— “Regional Variations Within Countries”

3. Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
Compares the level of women’s development with both sexes
Measurements of overall development can mask gender inequalities within a country
The UN has not found a single country in the world where women are treated as well as men

4. GDI:
Combines same factors as HDI and adjusts them to reflect differences between men and women
Economic: per capita female income as a percentage of per capita male income
Social: compare number of females vs. males enrolled in school, and compares literacy
Demographic: compares life expectancy
Complete gender equality would be 1.0 on GDI

5. Gender Empowerment Measurement (GEM)
Compares the ability of men and women to participate in economic and political decision making
In every country, fewer women hold positions of economic and political power
Economic Indicators: Per capita female income and % of professional and technical jobs held by women
Political Indicators: % of administrative jobs held by women and % of members of national parliament

12. Today:
The GDI and GEM were invented by UN in 1995—very controversial because measuring incomes is very difficult and because countries with low total incomes could not score high on either
In 2010 the UN introduced the Gender Inequality Index
Uses 3 indicators- reproductive health (Maternal mortality rate and adolescent fertility rate), empowerment (share of parliamentary seats and higher education attainment), and labor market participation (# of women in workforce)