1. Development
Ch 9.1

2. What is Development?
The process of improving the material conditions of ppl thru the diffusion of knowledge and technology
Improvements in living conditions: social, environmental, or economic

3. 1st world: Developed World, MDCs, Global North, global core 2nd world, 3rd world: Developing world, LDCs, Global South, global periphery

4. Measuring Development
Human Development Index (HDI)
Invented by U.N. Development Programme (UNDP)
“People are the real wealth of nations. Development is thus about expanding the choices people have to lead the lives that they value. And it is thus about much more than economic growth, which is only a means - if a very important one – of enlarging people’s choices.”
- Mahbub ul Haq
Co-Founder, UNDP

5. Human Development Index
HDI: Select one economic factor, two social factors, and one demographic factor
The highest HDI possible is 1.0, or 100%
Norway usually ranks the highest at 0.938

9. Economic Indicators
The HDI mainly uses GNI per capita as the economic factor
Other economic factors are considered:
Types of jobs
Productivity
Raw Materials
Consumer Goods

10. GDP vs GNP
GDP= the value of the total output of G&S produced INSIDE a country, normally during a year
GNP= the value of the total output of G&S produced IN and OUT of a country

11. GDP Per Capita
Individuals in MDCs typically earn more income than in LDCs
Pure per capita income is difficult to calculate in LDCs
Geographers use GNI per capita instead
GNI divided by total population

13. Types of Jobs 3 sectors: primary, secondary, tertiary
In an MDC, jobs have decreased in primary and secondary sectors, and increased in tertiary

15. Productivity
Workers in an MDC are more productive than workers in an LDC
Productivity: the value of a particular product compared to the labor used to make it
Measured by the value added per capita
Gross value of product – (cost of raw materials & nrg)
Machinery helps increase productivity

16. Raw Materials
Development requires access to raw materials and nrg sources
LDCs that have petroleum are able to advance more quickly than those that do not
Not all developed countries have raw materials (ex: Japan)
Developed thru world trade and technology

17. Consumer Goods Wealth can be divided b/w necessities and luxuries
The type of G&S purchased by consumers is another indicator of economic development
The Magic Washing Machine

19. Social Indicators
MDCs use $ to provide schools, hospitals, and welfare services
Social factors include:
Education and literacy
Health and welfare

20. Education and Literacy
lev. of dev. = quality & quantity of educ.
Quality measured in the student/teacher ratio and literacy rate
Literacy Rate: the % of a country’s ppl that can read and write
# of published texts can also be indicator of LR
Quantity measured in yrs of schooling

22. Health and Welfare MDCs= healthier ppl
Ratios of Drs: ppl; Caloric intake
Most developed states have socialized healthcare
US is only major developed country where health care is mostly privatized
MDCs also offer welfare assistance to help those unable to work
Denmark, Norway, and Sweden provide the most welfare assistance
But getting harder with economic slump or stagnation

26. Demographic Indicators
The HDI sees life expectancy as the main demographic indicator
Demographic indicators can include: LE
IMR
NIR
CBR

27. Life Expectancy MDCs expected to live longer
Life expectancy: the average number of years a newborn can expect to live at current mortality levels
MDCs have large number of elderly people, and LDCs have large number of children
Be careful…MDCs often have higher DR!

28. Infant Mortality Rate
Infant Mortality Rate: The annual number of deaths of infants <1 year of age, compared to the number of live births
LDC= 90:10
MDC= 99:1
Major reasons for high IMR in LDCs?

29. Natural Increase Rate
NIR: the percentage by which a population grows in a year.
LDCs: >2%
MDCs: <1%

30. Crude Birth Rate
CBR: the total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
LDCs have higher NIRs, because they have higher CBRs

31. Development According to Hans
Stats that Reshape Your Worldview
200 Years in 4 Minutes

32. Gender and Development
Recognizing development impacts different genders unequally, UNDP created GDI and GEM
GDI – Gender-Related Development Index – shows gender inequality among nations
Male/Female income levels (not total GDP per capita), plus everything in HDI
United States Women’s Earnings

34. Gender and Development
GEM – Gender-Empowerment Measure - shows how much women participate in economic and political decision-making
% of women working in technical, professional, managerial, legal, jobs
% of women holding positions in parliaments
New Delhi, India