1. UNIT 10 Vocabulary Grammar and functions Waste disposal Recycling
Materials recovery
Grammar and functions
Describing processes: Sequencing
Revision of the grammar structures

2. TRANSLATION: RESOURCE RECOVERY
Numerous thermal processes recover energy IN DIFFERENT WAYS FROM SOLID WASTE.
THESE SYSTEMS/METHODS ARE DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS: combustion processes and pyrolysis processes.
A number of companies burn in-plant wastes in conventional incinerators INORDER TO PRODUCE/GENERATE STEAM;
THE WATER FLOWING through the tubes ALLOWS THE HEAT TO BE ABSORBED (IN ORDER) TO GENERATE STEAM.
Pyrolysis CONSISTS OF DECOMPOSING CHEMICALLY SOLID WASTE by heat in an oxygen-reduced atmosphere.
THIS RESULTS IN A GAS THAT CONTAINS various gases, DEPENDING ON THE ORGANIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PYROLIZED MATERIAL
IF USERS SEPARATED THEIR RUBBISH A LARGER AMOUNT OF WASTE COULD BE RECYCLED and that would improve life in our planet
… since THE GREATER THE RECYCLED VOLUME ,THE LONGER OUR NATURAL RESOURCES WILL LAST

3. LISTENING: WASTE DISPOSAL
Which are the 4 main sources of waste? MINES (39%), AGRICULTURE (53%), INDUSTRY (2%), DOMESTIC HOMES / WASTE (6%)
Where does it go?
OPEN DUMPS (55%)
NOT COLLECTED OR DISPOSED OF (23%) LEFT ON THE SPOT
LAND-FILL METHOD (12%) BURIED IN THE GROUND
BURNT (9%)
DUMPED AT SEA (1%)
DOMESTIC WASTE (RUBBISH, GARBAGE)
Open dumps: advantages : EASY TO OPERATE and THE CHEAPEST OF THE 3
disadvantages: unsightly, CAUSE AIR POLLUTION WHEN RUBBISH IS BURNT, SMELL, MATERIALS & LAND ARE WASTED and they can contaminate ...
Land fill : advantages: CHEAP, NO OBJECTABLE SMELLS OR PESTS, and when the landfill is completed LAND MORE USEFUL THAN BEFORE (e.g. sports field or park)
Disadvantages : WASTE MATERIALS and USES A LARGE AREA OF LAND ….
Incineration (i.e. BURNING) Advantages: …about 80% OF DOMESTIC RUBBISH and REDUCE ITS VOLUME BY 90%; it requires VERY LITTLE LAND and it produces INCOME FROM THE RECOVERY OF WASTE METAL & GLASS
Disadvantages: EXPENSIVE TO BUILD AN INCINERATION PLANT and CAUSES AIR POLLUTION unless sophisticated pollution controls are installed.

4. Processes: SEQUENCE
First / Firstly / First of all / The process begins /commences / starts with
In the first step / stage / The first step / stage is .... / To begin with
Secondly/ After this, / Later, / Afterwards/ Then, / Next, / Subsequently
In the following / next stage, / The next step is ...
At the end of the process / In the last stage/ The last step / stage is ....
Finally / Eventually.. finishes / concludes with
 So far, / Up to now 
 Before this / Previously, / Prior to this / Earlier, / In the preceding / previous / former stage
At the same time,/ During .... / Simultaneously, / While ... / Meantime / Meanwhile / As ... / In the meantime / When ...

5. DESCRIBING PROCESSES IMPORTANT EXPRESSIONS COMMON VERBS
Use of the PASSIVE
To carry out / develop a process
The process takes place / occurs / happens
This ALLOWS / CAUSES it TO occur (U5)
PREVENTS it FROM occurring (U5)
METHOD (U6) (HOW?)
PASSIVE + BY = por
by means of ... / (by) using ... / With the help of ... Through … mediante, por medio de, con ….
One method for /way of ... (+ verb –ING) .... is to ....
PURPOSE (U6) (WHAT FOR?)
In order to, so as to, to + INF = Para + Inf

6. VIDEO- STORY OF ALUMINIUM RECYCLING
i-The cans are collected and taken to a recycling depot A- A magnet is used to separate the steel cans from aluminum F- Next aluminium is crushed and baled C- After this the aluminium is sent to a reprocessing company E- Here the aluminum is cut down into very small pieces B- A magnetic drum is used to remove any rests of steel K- The varnish coat that protected the can is removed before melting L- This is done by blowing hot air G- Once the cans have been decoated, they are taken to a furnace H- Subsequently, the liquid aluminum is poured into casts J- The square ingots are then rolled into sheets D- And these aluminium sheets are used to manufacture new products USES: Car parts (wheels), bikes, packaging (foil, cans), construction parts, household appliances

7. VIDEO- STORY OF ALUMINIUM RECYCLING
Which are the characteristics of Aluminium? LIGHT, DURABLE, THE MOST WIDELY USED NON FERROUS METAL
How much was recycled in Devon last year? 660 TONNES OF ALUMNIUM CANS
Where is Aluminium collected from? KERBSIDE BINS, BOXES, BAGS, RECYCLING BANKS
EXPLAIN THE STEPS OF ALUMNIUM RECYCLING
AFTER THE CANS HAVE BEEN COLLECTED, THEY ARE TAKEN TO A RECYCLING DEPOT (i)
IN ORDER TO SEPARATE STEEL CANS FROM ALUMNIUM, A GIANT MAGNET IS USED TO REMOVE STEEL (a)
ALUMNIUM IS THEN CRUSHED AND BALED (f)
THE ALUMNIUM IS THEN SENT TO A REPROCESSING COMPANY (c)
ONCE IT ARRIVES IT IS SHREDDED INTO BITS THE SIZE OF A TEN-PENCE PIECE (e)
THE SHREDS ARE THEN PASSED THROUGH A DOUBLE MAGNETIC DRUM SEPARATOR TO REMOVE STEEL CONTAMINATES THAT MAY HAVE BEEN MISSED (b)

8. VIDEO- STORY OF ALUMINIUM RECYCLING
BEFORE THE CANS CAN BE MELTED, THEY NEED TO BE DE-COATED OF THE VARNISH LACQUER WHICH IS USED DURING MANUFACTURING TO PROTECT THE CANS (k)
THIS IS REMOVED BY BLOWING HOT AIR THROUGH THE SHREDS (l)
THE HOT, DE-COATED CANS CAN THEN BE FED INTO A HUGE 90 TONNE FURNACE TO BE MELTED (g)
NEXT THE MOLTEN METAL IS CAST INTO INGOTS. THIS IS ACHIEVED BY TILTING THE FURNACE AND POURING THE MOLTEN METAL INTO A CASTING UNIT
AFTER BEING CAST AND CHILLED, THE ALUMNIUM INGOTS ARE CUT SQUARE AND SENT OFF TO THE MILL, WHERE THEY ARE ROLLED OUT INTO SHEETS (j)
THE SHEET ALUMINIUM IS THEN SOLD ONTO MANUFACTURERS FOR A RANGE OF USES (d)
Give examples of use of recycled aluminium
CAR PARTS, SUCH AS ALLOY WHEELS, BIKES, PACKAGING (eg FOIL & CANS), CONSTRUCTION PARTS, HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES

9. ALUMINIUM RECYCLING- REORDER
1 Aluminum cans are gathered from recycling centers 6 They are sent to a scrap processing company where they are collected into large bales. 3 The bales are then sent to an aluminum company where the cans are shredded, crushed, stripped and burned 7 They are then sent into a furnace where they are melted with new, untouched aluminum and the two are melted together. 5 The new aluminum is then poured out into sheets, and cut down into sheets 1/100th of an inch thick. 2 The aluminum then cools, and is coiled up into large rolls and sent to can makers. 4 The can makers then mold the aluminum into can shapes, and send them off to soda makers to bottle their beverage.

10. VIDEO: WASTE Any business or industry, in fact any human activity
Certain types are recyclable and have only a minor impact on the environment
dangerous for man and nature
2 billion tons of waste material
80%
Which are the problems of waste?: storage, Massive pollution, Strain on resources
the era of throwing down the drain 
a coherent waste management
In PREVENTION the first objective was to identify pollutants, to control them, and to limit their emission. 
according to their toxicity and their impact on the environment
the production, control, collection and cross border transportation
the development of clean technologies
They produce little or no waste and tend to be more economical with natural resources.