1. Industrial Revolution Chapter 9
Honors World History (B)
Coach Simmons

2. A Different Revolution
Agriculture paves the way – new improvements, enclosures, seeding (drill), harvesting (machines), crop rotation, livestock breeding
Industrial beginning in England, Why?
Natural resources – rivers, iron ore, harbors
Wealth and investment into inventions
Large population and workforce

3. New Inventions Flying shuttle clothed the world (John Kay)
Spinning jenny-water powered wheel (James Hargreaves)
Reaper improved wheat production (Cyrus McCormick)
Telegraph and eventually telephone improved communication (Samuel Morse & A. G. Bell)
All of these machines used in new buildings called factories

4. Transportation improvements
Steam Power led to many inventions
James Watt improved the steam engine making it more efficient
Entrepreneurs invested in new technologies (businessmen)
Steam Boats like the Clermont
Improved roads such as turnpikes

5. Railroads George Stephenson designed steam-powered locomotive engines
Liverpool to Manchester first rail line
The Rocket could haul 13 mph
Effects of Railroads
Efficient transportation of raw materials
More Jobs
Boosted other industries
Improved Travel

6. Chapter 9 Sec 2

7. Industrialization Changes Life
Urbanization – movement into cities
As industry grew the population of cities grew
Factories sprung up close to resources
Size of cities doubled, some even quadrupled (Manchester 1775, 45, , 300,000)

8. Standard of living
Growth was so quick the cities were not planned very well
No sanitation codes, building codes, or development plans
Elizabeth Gaskell describes this in Mary Burton p.290
Disease ran rampant (cholera) during this time avg life span 17 yrs.

9. Working conditions Business wanted as much production as possible.
Led to long hours (14-16) and 6 day work weeks
Dangerous conditions
Women and children employed due to cheap source of labor
Child labor p.290

10. Class Tensions Rise of the middle class
Industrialization produced massive amounts of wealth and poverty
Change of social hierarchy landowners v. businessmen
The working class continued to struggle in poverty (importance of education)

11. Positive effects of Industrialization
Creation of jobs for workers – led to healthier diets, housing, cheaper goods
Need for educated professions
Fostered technological process
Created the role of consumer goods
Needs v. wants
Created better tax base for governments

12. Chapter 9 Sec 3

13. Industrialization Spreads
Development in the U.S.
Textile Industry grew rapidly (King Cotton) in the South
Creation of mill towns
Women and children were heavily employed in textile industry
Steel becomes chief source of industrialization in U.S. (Railroads)

14. Rise of corporations
Large businesses require large sums of money (Big Business)
Stocks give entrepreneurs the opportunity
Corporations are businesses owned by shareholders
Examples: Standard Oil (Rockefeller) and Carnegie Steel (Carnegie)

15. Europe Industrializes
The Napoleonic Wars slowed progress in Europe and allowed Britain to take the lead
Belgium, Germany, Russia were future stars of industry
Slowly each country would steal, spy, and cheat to discover these new technologies and copy Britain
Other countries lacked the resources to industrialize (Spain, Austria-Hungary)

16. Industrial Impact Shifted balance of world power Widened gap of wealth
Led to imperialism (exploitation of overseas colonies) Chp 11
Changed daily lives of the people
Increased opportunities and participation of people in government

17. Chapter 9 Sec 4

18. Industrial philosophy
Capitalism – privately owned factors of production with ability to invest capital
Laissez faire – businesses run business with no interference
Rise of the Free Market
Adam Smith – “Wealth of Nations”
Self-interest = people work for own good
Competition = forces people to be better
Supply and demand = price reflects market value

19. Another Industrial philosophy
Socialism – publicly owned factors of production in which capital is used for good of all
Utilitarianism – Jeremy Bentham “greatest good for the greatest number of people”
Robert Owen and Utopian ideas
Socialist vowed for government control of economy to end poverty and create equality

20. Marxism Radical solution: The Communist Manifesto
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
“Haves” v. “Have-nots”
Middle class sat back while the proletariat did all the work (leads to revolt)
Communism – end to private ownership all goods and services shared equally

21. Reforms Formation of labor unions to protect workers rights
They used collective bargaining tactics to negotiate deals
Strikes were planned if negotiations failed
Skilled working positions had greater power to strike
Factory Act of 1833 – child labor reduced
Mines Act – prevented women and children from working underground
Ten Hours Act – 10 hr day for women and children

22. Reform Spreads
Britain first to abolish slavery in 1833 most other industrial nations followed within the 19th century
Motives for abolitionist?
Women’s Rights
Jane Addams (Hull House)
Free Public school systems
Reform of prisons (rehabilitation)