1. Chapter 15 India and the Indian Ocean Basin 1©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

2. India After the Fall of the Gupta Dynasty Gupta state collapsed mid-sixth century Chaos in northern India  Local power struggles  Invasions of Turkish nomads, absorbed into Indian society ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2

3. King Harsha (r. 606-648 C.E.) Temporary restoration of unified rule in north India Religiously tolerant  Buddhist by faith Assassinated, no successor able to retain control 3 ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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5. Introduction of Islam to Northern India Muslim merchants formed small communities in all major cities of coastal India Turkish migrants and Islam: Turks convert to Islam in tenth century  Some moved to Afghanistan and established an Islamic state  Mahmud of Ghazni, Turk leader in Afghanistan, made expeditions to northern India ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

6. The Sultanate of Delhi  Mahmud's successors conquered north India, 1206  Established an Islamic state known as the sultanate of Delhi  Sultans' authority did not extend far beyond the capital at Delhi  Islam began to have a place in India 6 ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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8. Agriculture in the Monsoon World The monsoons (rains in spring and summer) Irrigation systems were needed for dry months  No big river in south India; waterworks included dams, reservoirs, canals, wells  Stored rainwater in large reservoirs connected to canals Population growth: 53 million in 600 C.E. to 105 million in 1500 C.E. Urbanization took place in Delhi and other large port cities 8 ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

9. The Trading World of the Indian Ocean Basin, 600-1600 C.E. ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9

10. Trade and Economic Development in Southern India Indian regional economies largely self-sufficient Certain products traded throughout subcontinent  Iron, copper, salt, pepper Southern India profits from political instability in north ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10

11. Temples and Indian Society  Hindu temples served as economic and social centers  Possessed large tracts of land, hundreds of employees  Temple administrators were to maintain order, deliver taxes  Served as banks; engaged in business ventures 11 ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

12. Cross-Cultural Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin Dhows and junks--large ships involved in maritime trade in Indian Ocean Trade goods  Silk and porcelain from China  Spices from southeast Asia  Pepper, gems, pearls, and cotton from India  Incense and horses from Arabia and southwest Asia  Gold, ivory, and slaves from east Africa ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12

13. Specialized production  Production of high-quality cotton textiles thrived  Other specialized industries: sugar, leather, stone, carpets, iron and steel ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13

14. Challenges to Caste and Society Caste helped to integrate immigrants (Turks, Muslim merchants) into Indian society Caste and social change: guilds and sub castes (jatis) Expansion of caste system, especially to southern India 14 ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

15. Development of Hinduism Hinduism predominated in southern India, Islam in the north Promise of salvation Especially popular in southern India, spreads to north 15 ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

16. Islam and its appeal Conversion to Islam occurred in a slow and gradual way  Some converted for improving their lower social statuses  Often an entire caste or sub caste adopted Islam en masse  By 1500, about 25 million Indian Muslims (1/4 of population) 16 ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

17. Sufis Personal, emotional, devotional approaches to Islam Important missionaries of Islam to India Some flexibility regarding local customs 17 ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

18. Indian Influence in Southeast Asia  Indian merchants brought their faiths to southeast Asia  Ruling elite of southeast Asia adapted some Indian political traditions  The states sponsored Hinduism and Buddhism  Showed no interest in Indian caste system 18 ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

19. Angkor (889-1431 CE)  Kingdom built by Khmers at Angkor Thom, later Angkor Wat  The city was a microcosmic reflection of Hindu world order  Turned to Buddhism during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 19

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22. Islam in Southeast Asia Early populations of Muslim traders Increasing popularity with Sufi activity Many convert, retain some Hindu or Buddhist traditions 22 ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

23. State of Melaka Dominated maritime trade routes Mid-fifteenth century converts to Islam HOMEWORK: ISLAM READING PDF ON MY WIKI 23 ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.