1. Mendel’s Laws of Heredity 10.1

2. Gregor Mendel An Austrian monk who studied heredity through pea plants “Father of Genetics”

3. Heredity The passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring Traits Characteristics that are inherited

4. Genetics The branch of biology that studies heredity Gametes Male and female sex cells (egg and sperm)

5. Fertilization The process in which the male gamete unites with the female gamete

6. Zygote The fertilized cell that develops into a seed, baby, etc.

7. Pollination The transfer of pollen grains from a male reproductive organ to a female reproductive organ in plants

8. Hybrid Offspring formed by parents having different forms of a trait Ex tall and short height

9. Monohybrid Cross Mendel crossed parent plants of different heights (mono = single trait)

10. Original parents (true breeding plants) are the P 1 generation Offspring of the parent plants are known as the F 1 generation (filial)

11. Cross two F 1 plants with each other and their offspring are known as F 2 generation

12. Alleles Different gene forms Come in pairs

13. Dominant The observed trait of an organism that masks the Recessive form of a trait

14. Dominant = capital letter Recessive = small case letter

15. Mendel’s 1 st Law of Inheritance Law of Segregation

16. Gametes receive only one allele for a trait from each parent

17. Phenotype The expression of a gene (The way an organism looks/behaves)

18. Genotype The actual genetic make-up of an organism (TT)

19. Genotypes… TT=the plant has 2 alleles for tallness Tt=1 allele for tallness and 1 allele for shortness

20. tt=2 alleles for shortness

21. Homozygous If the two alleles for the trait are the same

22. TT = homozygous dominant (for height) tt = homozygous recessive (for height)

23. Heterozygous The 2 alleles for a trait are different Tt=1 allele for tallness and 1 for shortness (for height)

24. Dihybrid Cross A cross where two different traits are used Di means two

25. Mendel’s 2 nd Law Law of Independent Assortment

26. Distribution of alleles for 1 trait into the gamete doesn’t affect distribution of alleles for the other trait

27. Punnett Square A shorthand way of finding the expected ratios of possible genotypes in the offspring cross

28. The gametes that each parent forms are listed on the top and left side of the square

29. Probability The likelihood that something will occur

30. Punnett Squares aren’t exact results because genetics is by chance (like flipping a coin)