1. Mendelian Genetics

2. Vocabulary Dominant Recessive Hybrid Phenotype Genotype Homozygous
Heredity
Genetics
Trait
Gamete
Pollination
Fertilization
Law of segregation
Law of independent assortment
Dominant
Recessive
Hybrid
Phenotype
Genotype
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Allele

3. Genetics Scientific study of heredity
Heredity-passing of traits from parents to offspring
Trait -characteristic that is inherited
Many had realized family resemblance but didn’t know how

4. Gregor Mendel Austrian monk 1822-1884
Came up with the laws of heredity
Importance of work not realized until 1900

5. Mendel’s Work
First to succeed in predicting how traits would be transferred from one generation to the next
Used garden peas (reproduced sexually via gametes)
Pollination -transfer of male pollen grains to the pistil of flower (female)

6. Pollination
Results in fertilization (fusion of male and female gametes)
Pea plants normally went through self-pollination (gametes from self)
Mendel needed to cross pollinate
Taking pollen from one plant and using it to fertilize another plant

8. Monohybrid Crosses
Crosses where the parents only differed by one trait (mono)
Hybrid -offspring formed by parents having different forms of a trait
First trait he looked at was height

9. First Generation
Six-foot-tall pea plant that came from a population of pea plants, all of which were over six feet tall
Short pea plant that was less than two feet tall and which came from a population of pea plants that were all short
Cross-pollinated the two plants

10. Result All of the offspring grew to be as tall as the taller parent
It was as if the shorter parent had never existed
Ratio of 4:0

11. Second Generation
Allowed the tall plants in this first generation to self-pollinate
Counted more than 1000 plants in this second generation
¾ of the plants were tall
¼ of the plants were short
Ratio of approximately three tall plants to one short plant (3:1)

13. Generations
Original parents, the true-breeding tall and short plants, are known as the P1 generation (P- parent)
Cross of P1 are known as the F1 generation (F- filial or son/daughter)
Cross two F1 plants with each other equals F2 generation

14. Further Experimentation
Did similar monohybrid crosses with a total of seven pairs of traits
Studying one pair of traits at a time
In every case, he found that one trait of a pair seemed to disappear in the F1 generation, only to reappear unchanged in one-fourth of the F2 plants

16. Genes Located on chromosomes, units of heredity
The rule of unit factors
Each organism has two factors that control each of its traits
Genes exists in alternative forms

17. Alleles
Alternative forms of a gene for each variation of a trait of an organism
Could have 2 alleles for tallness
2 alleles for shortness
1 allele for tallness and 1 for shortness
Receive 1 allele from each parent

18. The Rule of Dominance One gene in a pair masks another
Dominant -observed trait of an organism that masks the recessive form of a trait
Recessive -trait of an organism that can be masked by the dominant form of a trait

19. How to Write the Alleles
Each gene is expressed as a letter
Dominant allele is expressed as a uppercase letter
Recessive allele is expressed as a lower case letter
Previous example: T for tall, t for short

21. Law of Segregation 1. There are alternative forms for genes.
2. For each characteristic or trait organisms inherit two alternative forms of that gene, one from each parent. These alternative forms of a gene are called alleles.

22. Law of Segregation
3. When gametes (sex cells) are produced, allele pairs separate or segregate leaving them with a single allele for each trait.
4. When the two alleles of a pair are different, one is dominant and the other is recessive.

24. Phenotypes and Genotypes
What was the difference between the tall plants in P1 and the tall plants in F1?
Two organisms, therefore, can look alike but have different underlying gene combinations

25. Phenotype Outward appearance of an organism, regardless of its genes
How the organism looks
A tall TT plant and a tall Tt plant look what?
Their phenotype would be tall

26. Genotype Combination of genes in an organism
Does the tall TT plant and the tall Tt plant have the same genotype?
Can’t always tell an organism’s genotype by looks

27. Homozygous vs. Heterozygous
Homozygous- when there are two identical alleles for a trait
TT and tt
Heterozygous- when there are two different alleles for a trait Tt

28. Law of Independent Assortment
Genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other
For example, seed shape and seed color

29. Punnett Squares
Shorthand way of finding the expected proportions of possible genotypes in the offspring of a cross

30. How to Work Punnett Square
Step #1: Determine the genotypes of the parent organisms
Step #2: Write down your "cross" (mating).  Write the genotypes of the parents in the form of letters (ex: Tt x tt)

31. Step #3: Draw a p-square
T is the allele for being tall and t is the allele for being short, cross one plant that is homozygous recessive (tt) with another that is heterozygous tall (Tt).

32. Step #4: "Split" the letters of the genotype for each parent & put them "outside" the p-square

33. Step #5: Determine the possible genotypes of the offspring by filling in the p-square