1. I NDIA

2. SOL S TANDARDS E SSENTIAL Q UESTIONS Why were physical geography and location important to the development of Indian civilization? What impact did the Aryans have on India? Why was the caste system central to Indian culture? What were the accomplishments of Mauryan and Gupta empires? What are thebeliefs of the Hindu religion? How did Hinduism influence Indian society and culture? What are the beliefs of Buddhism? How did Buddhism spread?

3. G EOGRAPHY Hindu Kush Mountains Himalayan Mountains Indian Ocean Geographic barriers allowed Indian civilization to progress with few interruptions from invaders.

4. I NDO -E UROPEANS Nomadic peoples who migrated across Europe and Asia They spoke forms of the same language

5. I NDO - A RYANS Nomadic herders who migrated through passes in the Hindu Kush Mountains

6. K HYBER P ASS Aryan migration route

7. A RYAN I NVADERS Conquered advanced Indus River Valley cities Put native Indians on the bottom of the caste system

8. A RYANS Moved east and built kingdoms along the Ganges river. The Indus and the Ganges were the most important rivers in the Indian subcontinent

9. V EDAS Vast collection of ancient Aryan prayers, magical spells and and instructions for performing rituals passed on orally for 1000 + years

10. C ASTE S YSTEM Rigid class system based on occupations People were born into their caste for life and could only move up in another life

11. C ASTES Influenced all social interactions and choice of occupations Job Marriage Dress

12. H INDUISM Many forms of one God Reincarnatio n Caste system Karma Vedas and Upanishads Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva

13. B RAHMAN Many forms of one major deity ( God ). The unifying soul in all things.

14. R EINCARNATION Cycles of Rebirth A spirit is born again and again until moksha (perfect understanding) is achieved

15. K ARMA Good deeds and bad deeds Future life based on present behavior Influences caste, health, wealth, etc.

16. S PREAD OF H INDUISM Hinduism spread from India to Southeast Asia

17. U PANISHADS Dialogues between student and teacher Explains such concepts as Brahman, karma and reincarnation

18. O RIGINS OF B UDDHISM Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama in the part of India that borders present-day Nepal.

19. S IDDHARTHA G UATAMA Buddha :” The Enlightened One” Enlightenment: wisdom ; a state of perfect understanding

20. B ELIEFS OF B UDDHISM Rejects the Hindu caste system, but keeps the concepts of karma and reincarnation Four Noble Truths Eightfold Path

21. F OUR N OBLE T RUTHS Life is full of suffering The cause of suffering is desire The way to end suffering is to end desire To end desire, one must follow the Eightfold Path

22. E IGHTFOLD P ATH The Middle Way between desires and self-denial By following the path anyone could reach Nirvana Nirvana: release from selfishness and pain

23. A SOKA Asoka’s missionaries and their writings spread Buddhism from India to China and other parts of Asia

24. S PREAD OF B UDDHISM Mahayana spread to China, Korea, and Japan Theravada spread to SE Asia and Sri Lanka

25. R ELIGIONS OF E AST A SIA Colored areas represent predominant religions today Buddhist ideals eventually became absorbed into the Hindu religion in India

26. G UPTA E MPIRE Golden age of classical Indian culture

27. I NDIA ’ S G OLDEN A GE a period of peace and prosperity and a flourishing of arts, literature and learning Mathematics Textiles (cotton) Literature Sugarcane Gupta Dynasty Contributions

28. H INDU N UMERALS Base 10 Included zero Place value and decimals

29. G UPTA D YNASTY L ITERATURE Kalidasa Tamil poets

30. I NDIAN T RADE sugarcane cotton cloth spices

31. L ATEEN S AIL

32. R EFLECTION A characteristic of the Aryan society of India is A. a rigid caste system. B. development of a sophisticated alphabet. C. Buddhism as a religion. D. tolerance of conquered peoples. A belief in reincarnation, karma, many forms of one major deity, and a caste system are characteristics of which of the following religions? A. Hinduism B. Buddhism C. Judaism D. Zoroastrianism The following is a sacred writing of Hinduism: A. Ten Commandments B. Code of Hammurabi C. Upanishads D. Koran