2. Pest and Vector Control

3. Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death Objective هدف Indicate basic control measures for vectors and medical pests.

4. Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death Overview مرور IPM Control Measures

5. Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death Pest Management Integrated Pest Management – Defined: A planned program, incorporating continuous monitoring, education, record keeping, and communication, to prevent pests and disease vectors from causing unacceptable damage to operations, people, property, materiel, or the environment Includes actions such as: -- Education (customer training): Important! -- Education (customer training): Important! -- Inspection (monitoring and surveys) -- Inspection (monitoring and surveys) -- Sanitation and proper waste management (pressure washing and self-closing compactors) -- Sanitation and proper waste management (pressure washing and self-closing compactors)

6. Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death Pest Management Proper storage of food and other pest-susceptible items (pest- proof containers, stock rotation, etc.) Exclusion, trapping, and other mechanical or physical means of containing pests (screens, vacuum cleaners, etc.) Pest-preventive building construction and maintenance (caulking) Biological control (Gambusia fish in ponds) “Minimal use of pesticidal chemicals in a manner (such as containerized baits and crack and crevice applications) that causes the least harm to the environment.”

7. Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death Pests An organism in a place where it is not wanted Can be arthropods, weeds, rodents, birds, dogs, cats, wild animals, snakes, nematodes, snails, etc. Many of these have no medical significance

8. Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death Core Mission of Pest Management Prevent/eliminate pest and disease vectors from adversely affecting military operations or missions Preferably without the use of pesticides Under certain circumstances they may have to apply pesticides to do this Safe, effective, and environmentally sound IPM programs reduce pollution and other risk factors associated with pesticide use

9. Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death Pesticides Chemicals deliberately applied to kill pests CE Pest Managers are licensed to kill Pesticides are classified by the type of pest they kill Insecticides -- kill insects (cockroaches, flies) Rodenticides -- kill rodents (rats and mice) Herbicides -- kill plants (weeds). Acaricides -- kill ticks and mites (acarines) Molluscicides -- kill snails and slugs (mollusks) Fungicides -- kill fungi (mildew, plant rust) Nematicides -- kill nematodes.

10. Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Because of the temporary nature of chemical control, and its potential threat to human health and the environment, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) should be used to the maximum extent possible to control all pests

11. Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death Integrated Pest Management “A combination of control techniques to prevent, eliminate, or suppress pests.” “The objective of IPM is to reduce reliance on pesticides and keep their use to a minimum.” Main IPM control techniques include: cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical Other control techniques include: education, genetic, physical, and regulatory

12. Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death Cultural Control Cultural Control Changing the environment so that the pest can no longer live there Draining swamps, plowing under corn stubbles, removing garbage, vacuuming pet dander, etc.

13. Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death Cultural Control Advantages Solutions are long-term to permanent Avoids pesticide exposure and resistance May be cheap and simple, such as cleaning kitchens to suppress cockroach population Long-term benefits may be cheaper than repeated chemical control Disadvantages May be difficult and expensive, such as draining or filling a lake for mosquito control Relief is not immediate Environmental manipulation may not be feasible

14. Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death Mechanical Control Using physical or mechanical methods to kill pests or separate them from their food source Fly swatter, vacuuming up the pests, freezing, heating, screening, bed nets, caulking, etc.

15. Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death Mechanical Control Advantages May be inexpensive and have immediate effect Less hazardous to health or the environment Disadvantages May be expensive and time-consuming Is not always practical

16. Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death Biological Control Using predators, pathogens, or genetic engineering to control pests. Mosquito fish (Gambusia sp.), milky spore application, sterile release programs, etc.

17. Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death Biological Control Advantages Very friendly to the environment -- no toxic chemical residues or environmental manipulation Does not destroy non-target organisms Disadvantages May be expensive May require frequent reapplication May require specially trained people, sophisticated arthropod rearing and storage areas, and perhaps sophisticated delivery systems Seldom provides 100% control (or even 50%) because of the “balance of nature” effect

18. Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death Chemical Control Using pesticides to break the life cycles of pests Crack and crevice treatments, mosquito fogging, aerial spraying (crop dusting), etc.

19. Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death Chemical Control Advantages Results are immediate Relatively inexpensive in the short term Disadvantages If not used properly, may be hazardous to human health, non-target organisms, and the environment Control is not permanent and frequent reapplication is usually necessary Over time, may become more expensive than more permanent control measures Pesticide resistance may become a problem

20. Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death Other IPM Considerations: Control must be based on surveillance (PH involved here for medically important pests) Find out if the pest is there, where, when, and why Do not control pests that are not there Do not use control methods that will not work Particularly important for chemical control methods Study the pest, its life cycle, and environment, then use as many control methods as practical Place minimum emphasis on chemical control and maximum emphasis on other techniques Especially cultural controls like sanitation

21. Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death Summary IPM Control Measures

22. Prevent Disease, Disability and Premature Death Questions?سوالات