1.  Dysmenorrhea = Painful menstruation 1. Primary dysmenorrhea S & S: premenstrual tension, uterine cramping, occasionally headache, dizziness, vomiting and diarrhea. S&S complicated by prostaglandin 2. Secondary dysmenorrhea  Treatment

2.  Symptoms start about 10 days before menses and cease 1-2 days after menses.  Symptoms: transitory edema, breast swelling and abdominal distension due to increase water content tissues, behavioral problems include irritability, sleep disturbances, depression, headache and vertigo.  Management: contraceptive, diuretics, diet, exercise

3.  Absence of menstrual flow ◦ Primary amenorrhea ◦ Secondary amenorrhea ◦ Post pill amenorrhea

4.  Oligomenorrhea = markedly diminished menstrual flow nearing amenorrhea  Monorrhagia = excessive bleeding during regular menses.  Metrorrhagia = from uterus between regular menstrual periods  Polymenorrhea = frequent menstruation occurring in intervals of less than 3 weeks

5.  is physiologic cessation of the menses along with progressive ovarian failure  Climacteric: transition period during which the woman's reproductive function gradually diminishes and disappears.  can be surgically induced  Due to fluctuation of estrogen and progesterone levels  Heat flashes, irregular menses (becomes shorter and longer, then ovulation cease), mood changes, vaginal dryness

6.  Preconception care produces healthier babies  Simple things like getting immunized for rubella or taking folic acid supplements can play a major role in decreasing birth defects  Proper nutrition (calcium, iron and folic acid)  Exercise  Immunization status

7.  Tobacco miscarriage, stillbirth and low birth weight babies  Alcohol birth defect such as heart problems, microcephally and mental retardation  Drugs miscarriage, stillbirth, poor fetal growth, learning difficulties  Medical problems (control hypertension, diabetes or thyroid disease)  Hazards at work and home: certain chemicals such as lead, mercury, heat, hypothermia may be teratogenic  Genetic screening  Emotional and physical factors  Financial Considerations  Stopping Birth Control

9.  Embryo Transplants  Artificial insemination ◦ Homologous insemination (Artificial insemination by husband) ◦ Heterologous insemination (artificial insemination by a donor)  Surrogate mother

10.  Family planning: controlling the number of children born in a family and the time of their birth by the use of various contraceptives.  Family planning benefits 1.To couples and family 2.Community

11.  Periodic abstinence “ natural family planning ”  Coitus interrupts  Condom (male & female)

12.  Chemical barriers: Spermicides (creams, suppositories, and gel)  Hormonal contraception ◦ Advantages ◦ Disadvantages ◦ Nursing interventions (ACHES) ◦ Morning after pill ◦ Depo prvera (injection) ◦ Nor plant (replaced by subdermal hormonal implant)

13.  Diaphragm

14.  Intrautrine Device