1. Strings Programming Applications

2. Strings in C C stores a string in a block of memory. The string is terminated by the \0 character:

3. Arrays of characters char word [] = { 'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '!' }; To print out the contents of the array word, you run through each element in the array and display it using the %c format characters. To do processings of the word (copy, concatenate two words, etc) you need to have the actual length of the character array in a separate variable !

4. Strings String is an array of characters char Name[30]; char str[20] = “Initial Value”; char S[]= “Welcome”;

5. Example: string length // Function to count the number of characters in a string #include int stringLength (char string[]){ int count = 0; while ( string[count] != '\0' ) ++count; return count; } int main (void) { char word1[] = { 'a', 's', 't', 'e', 'r', '\0' }; char word2[] = { 'a', 't', '\0' }; char word3[] = { 'a', 'w', 'e', '\0' }; printf ("%i %i %i\n", stringLength (word1), stringLength (word2), stringLength (word3)); return 0; }

6. Input / Output of strings We can use %s to read and print a string printf(“Name is %s \n”, Name); scanf(“%s”, str);

7. Initializing character strings char word[] = "Hello!"; Is equivalent with: char word[] = { 'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '!', '\0' }; The null string: A character string that contains no characters other than the null character char empty[]= ""; char buf[100]= ""; Initializing a very long string over several lines: char letters[] = { "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz\ ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ" }; Adjacent strings are concatenated: char letters[] = { "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ" };

8. String functions The C library supplies several string-handling functions; You don’t have to re-write them from scratch ! #include strcat (s1, s2) Concatenates the character string s2 to the end of s1, placing a null character at the end of the final string.The function also returns s1. strcmp (s1, s2) Compares strings s1 and s2 and returns a value less than zero if s1 is less than s2, equal to zero if s1 is equal to s2, and greater than zero if s1 is greater than s2. strcpy (s1, s2) Copies the string s2 to s1, also returning s1. strlen (s) Returns the number of characters in s, excluding the null character.

9. String functions (cont.) strncat (s1, s2, n) Copies s2 to the end of s1 until either the null character is reached or n characters have been copied, whichever occurs first. Returns s1. strncmp (s1, s2, n) Performs the same function as strcmp, except that at most n characters from the strings are compared. strncpy (s1, s2, n) Copies s2 to s1 until either the null character is reached or n characters have been copied, whichever occurs first. Returns s1. strchr (s, c) Searches the string s for the last occurrence of the character c. If found, a pointer to the character in s is returned; otherwise, the null pointer is returned. strstr (s1, s2) Searches the string s1 for the first occurrence of the string s2. If found, a pointer to the start of where s2 is located inside s1 is returned; otherwise, if s2 is not located inside s1, the null pointer is returned.

10. String Functions strcpy(s1, s2) we can not use = with string strcpy is copying s2 into s1

11. String Functions strlen(S) Return the length of string S strcpy(S, “industrial robot”); strlen(S) will return 16

12. String Functions strcmp(s1, s2) It is for comparison of s1 and s2 It return 0 if s1=s2 Return –ve if s1 is less than s2 Return +ve if s1 is greater than s2

13. String Functions strcat(s1, s2) It appends s2 to the end of s1

14. String to number conversion // Function to convert a string to an integer – my atoi #include int strToInt (const char string[]) { int i, intValue, result = 0; for ( i = 0; string[i] >= '0' && string[i] <= '9'; ++i ) { intValue = string[i] - '0'; result = result * 10 + intValue; } return result; } int main (void) { printf ("%i\n", strToInt("245")); printf ("%i\n", strToInt("100") + 25); printf ("%i\n", strToInt("13x5")); return 0; }

15. Example: string processing #include void concat (char result[], const char str1[], const char str2[]); int main (void) { const char s1[] = "Test " ; const char s2[] = "works." ; char s3[20]; concat (s3, s1, s2); printf ("%s\n", s3); return 0; }

16. Example: concatenate strings // Function to concatenate two character strings void concat (char result[], const char str1[], const char str2[]) { int i, j; // copy str1 to result for ( i = 0; str1[i] != '\0'; ++i ) result[i] = str1[i]; // copy str2 to result for ( j = 0; str2[j] != '\0'; ++j ) result[i + j] = str2[j]; // Terminate the concatenated string with a null character result [i + j] = '\0'; }

17. What is the output of char str1[10]; char str2[10]=“String2”; strcpy(str1, “hi bob”); if(!strcmp(str1, str2)) printf(“Equivelent \n”); strcat(str1, “x”); printf(“%s %c \n”, str1, str1[3]); strcat(str2, “have a nice day”); printf(“%s \n”, str2);

18. Testing strings for equality bool equalStrings (const char s1[], const char s2[]) { int i = 0; bool areEqual; while ( s1[i] == s2 [i] && s1[i] != '\0' && s2[i] != '\0' ) ++i; if ( s1[i] == '\0' && s2[i] == '\0' ) areEqual = true; else areEqual = false; return areEqual; } !!! NOT: s1==s2

19. Exercise Write a program to accept string and then count the vowels and reverses it. Vowels are {a, e, i, o, u, A, E, I, O, U}

20. Example Write a program that print the number of occurrences of a given character c in a given string s.

21. Trace the program int pos = 1; int count =0; char text[40]= “Welcome”; while (pos <= strlen(text)) { if(text[pos]==‘e’) {count++; printf(“+”);} pos++; } printf(“%d”, count);

22. Example Write a program to accept string str. Reverses string str (for example ABC > CBA). Adds (catenates) string n to the end of string str. Removes all occurrences of characters c from string str.

23. Example Write a function Mystrlen() to find the length of given string

24. Character pointers A string constant: "I am a string" is an array of characters. In the internal representation, the array is terminated with the null character '\0' so that programs can find the end. The length in storage is thus one more than the number of characters between the double quotes. a string constant is accessed by a pointer to its first element char *pmessage; pmessage = "now is the time"; assigns to pmessage a pointer to the character array. This is not a string copy; only pointers are involved !

25. Character pointers amessage is an array, just big enough to hold the sequence of characters and '\0' that initializes it. Individual characters within the array may be changed but amessage will always refer to the same storage. pmessage is a pointer, initialized to point to a string constant; the pointer may subsequently be modified to point elsewhere, but the result is undefined if you try to modify the string contents. char amessage[] = "now is the time"; /* an array */ char *pmessage = "now is the time"; /* a pointer */ now is the time\0 amessage pmessage

26. Character Pointers String constant acts like a character pointer char *pc = “ABCDE”; /* declare a character pointer variable */ Variable AddressValue constant731‘A’ constant732‘B’ constant733‘C’ constant734‘D’ constant735‘E’ constant736‘\0’ pc800731 char s1[] = “abc”; Variable AddressValue s1[0] 900‘a’ s1[1] 901 ‘b’ s1[2] 902 ‘c’ s1[3] 903 ‘\0’ ‘A’ ‘B’ ‘C’ ‘D’ ‘E’ ‘\0’ 731 732 733 734 735 736 731800

27. 1100 Example: char s1[] = “abc”; char *s2 = “abc”; f() { s1[1] = ‘y’; /* OK */ s2[1] = ‘y’; /* wrong (PC is OK)*/ s1 = “test”; /* wrong */ s2 = “test”; /* OK */ } Example: char s3[] = “abcdef”; f1() { char *s = s3; *s = ‘A’; /* s3[0]=‘A’ */ s = “test”; printf(“%s\n%s\n”,s,s2); } Character Pointers ‘a’ ‘b’ ‘c’ ‘\0’ 100 101 102 103 CONSTANT MEMORY AREA (READ ONLY) 104 105 106 107 ‘t’ ‘e’ ‘s’ ‘t’ ‘\0’ 108 s1[] 1000 1001 1002 1003 ‘a’ ‘b’ ‘c’ ‘\0’100800 s2... 1100 s3[] 2000 s 2001 2002 2003 ‘a’ ‘b’ ‘c’ ‘d’ 2004 ‘e’ s3[0]=‘A’ 2000 2001 2002 2003 ‘a’ ‘b’ ‘c’ ‘d’ 2004 ‘e’

28. Precedence of operators *p++ increments p after fetching the character that p points to *++p increments p before fetching the character that p points to char *p=“hello” ; printf(“%c”,*p++); // displays h char *p=“hello” ; printf(“%c”,*++p); // displays e

29. Character pointers and functions /* strcpy: copy t to s; array subscript version */ void strcpy(char s[], char t[]) { int i; i = 0; while ((s[i] = t[i]) != '\0') i++; } /* strcpy: copy t to s; pointer version */ void strcpy(char *s, char *t) { int i; i = 0; while ((*s = *t) != '\0') { s++; t++; }

30. argc and argv In environments those support C, there is a way to pass command- line arguments or parameters to a program when it begin executing. When main is called to begin execution, it is called with two arguments – argc and argv argc : The first (conventionally called argc ) is the number of command- line arguments the program was invoked with argv : The second (conventionally called argv ) is a pointer to an array of character strings that contain the arguments, one per string. Example: if echo is a program and executed on unix prompt, such as 10 echo hello world Command-Line Arguments pointer array argv argc e c h o \0 h e l l o \0 w o r l d \0 null 3

31. Command-Line Arguments Example: print out the arguments. ex: hello world main (int argc, char *argv[]) { int i; for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) printf(“%s%c”, argv[i], (i < argc-1) ? ‘ ’ : ‘\n’); } main (int argc, char *argv[]) { while (--argc > 0) printf(“%s%c”, *++argv, (argc > 1) ? ‘ ’ : ‘\n’); } main (int argc, char *argv[]) { while (--argc > 0) printf((argc > 1) ? “%s “ ; “%s\n“, *++argv); }

32. The End