2. By: Ashley Dudman and Chelsea Enright

3. Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral

4. The cervical vertebrae commonly known as the neck, is the highest part of the spine. From top to bottom, the seven vertebrae are called C1 to C7. Neck movement is controlled within the first two: C1 is found between the skull and spine whereas C2 deals with a bony projection. The bony projection accounts for the rotation of the neck and fits into the hole located in C1

6. The thoracic spine is located in the chest region and contains 12 vertebrae. (T1-T12) Ribs attach in this region and form a barrier around the chest to protect vital organs

8. The lumbar spinal region is also known as the lower back. 5 vertebrae labeled as L1-L5 are located in this region. (It is important to note that some humans may contain 6 vertebrae instead of 5) These vertebrae account for most of the body’s weight and are the largest in size

10. During the development in the womb, the baby’s sacrum vertebrae’s will fuse together with the coccyx bone. Known as the base of the spine and back of the pelvis, the sacrum is the most inferior vertebrae on the human body

12.  Sternum  Ribs  Thoracic vertebrae  Costal cartilages

13. The conjoining of 3 bones: the manubrium, body and xiphoid process makes up the sternum. The sternum is connected to the first 7 pairs of ribs known as the “true ribs”. The “false ribs” are the next 5 pairs and are indirectly attach to the sternum. The last 2 pairs are known as the floating ribs because they do not attach to the sternum. In total, there are 12 pairs of ribs that protect the chest A major function of the sternum is used for blood diagnosis. The sternum is accessible which makes obtaining blood for suspected diseases easier

14.  The superior costal facet, inferior costal facet and invertebral discs are examples of thoracic vertebrae. When these 3 combine they create a socket for the head of the rib. (commonly described with the back)  Costal cartilages are made up of hyaline cartilage. This cartilage is able to resist compressive stress, supports and reinforces the ribs. Usually the cartilages will become ossified later in the future. At the anterior ends of the ribs, the cartilages will fit into the depressions and the sternum articulates with the upper 7 ribs

15.  The first curvature appears in the cervical spinal region. It appears to bend together to form a shape similar to a “C” known as the lordotic curve. The curvature located in the lumbar region is also a lordotic curve  A lordotic curve can appear due to obesity, osteoporosis, achondroplasia, spondylolisthesis, kyphosis and discitis

17.  A second curvature is located in the thoracic spinal region. This time the curve resembles a backwards “C” which is commonly referred to as a kyphotic curve. The sacral spinal region also contains this type of curve  A kyphotic curve can appear due to improper posture, osteoporosis, arthritis, spina bifida, spine tumors and infections

19.  A curve with an “S” shape is known as scoliosis. The spine will have a sideways curve  The causes of scoliosis in children is unknown, but doctors recognized that it tends to be inherited within families. Some believe that birth defect, disease, injury and infection play a role in the cause of scoliosis

20.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cLk- SN4FxH8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cLk- SN4FxH8

21.  Plural of foramen, meaning a round or oval opening through a bone.  For example, the jugular foramen allows passage of internal jugular vein and three cranial nerves at the junction of the occipital and petrous temporal bones.

22.  A process is any bony prominence, such as a spinous process.  Facets are smooth, nearly flat articular surfaces. Each pair of facet joints guide and limit movement of the spinal motion segment.

23.  The dens is a tooth-like odontoid process on the superficial surface of the axial body. It serves as a pivot point for the rotation of C1, or the first cervical vertebrae.  The manubrium of the sternum is the broad, handle-like portion of the bone. It is part of the cranial segment that articulates with the clavicles and the first two pair of ribs.

24.  The main section of any bony prominence is called the body.  A notch is the indentation at the edge of a structure (a depression). For example, the sternal notch, sometimes called the suprasternal notch, is found at the base of the neck in between the two clavicle bones.

25.  The head is a bony expansion carried on a narrow neck, such as a rib. The head is also the rounded, proximal end of a long bone.  A tubercle is a small, rounded projection or a process. A tubercle can describe a nodule, a small iminence, or a warty outgrowth found on bones or the skin.

26.  A groove is a furrow that forms a passage for blood vessels and nerves. For example, the jugular groove is the furrow in the ventral part of the neck that accommodates the jugular vein just below the skin.  The lamina (found in the vertebral arch) are two broad plates that extend dorsally and medially from pedicles. They fuse together to form the roof of the vertebral arch.

27.  The vertebral arch is the posterior part of the vertebra. It contains a pair of pedicles, a pair of lamellae, and 7 processes.

28.  Pedicles are two thick, short processes that project from the superior part of the vertebral body. They connect the body of the spinal vertebra to the arch.

29.  The crest is a narrow region of bone that is usually prominent, such as the iliac crest of the coxal bone.  The iliac crest is the border of the ilium, which is the most prominent bone on the pelvis. Ridges function to reinforce weaker bones For example, the supraorbital ridge located above the eye sockets on the skull.

30.  http://my.clevelandclinic.org/anatomy/spine/hic_the_structure_and_function_of_a_healthy_spine.aspx http://my.clevelandclinic.org/anatomy/spine/hic_the_structure_and_function_of_a_healthy_spine.aspx  http://www.webmd.com/back-pain/guide/types-of-spine-curvature-disorders http://www.webmd.com/back-pain/guide/types-of-spine-curvature-disorders  http://thesebonesofmine.wordpress.com/2011/05/06/skeletal-series-part-5-the-human-rib-cage/ http://thesebonesofmine.wordpress.com/2011/05/06/skeletal-series-part-5-the-human-rib-cage/  http://www.courses.vcu.edu/DANC291-003/unit_4.htm http://www.courses.vcu.edu/DANC291-003/unit_4.htm  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cLk-SN4FxH8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cLk-SN4FxH8  http://www.drugs.com/health-guide/scoliosis.html http://www.drugs.com/health-guide/scoliosis.html  http://uprightdoctor.wordpress.com/2011/07/08/kyphosis-stenosis-and-multiple-sclerosis/ http://uprightdoctor.wordpress.com/2011/07/08/kyphosis-stenosis-and-multiple-sclerosis/  http://www.scoliosisnutty.com/scoliosis.php http://www.scoliosisnutty.com/scoliosis.php  http://maussfit.com/2012/08/lordotic-posture-increased-curve-in-lower-back/ http://maussfit.com/2012/08/lordotic-posture-increased-curve-in-lower-back/  http://thesebonesofmine.wordpress.com/category/rib-cage/ http://thesebonesofmine.wordpress.com/category/rib-cage/  http://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/figures/chapter_39/39-7.HTM http://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/figures/chapter_39/39-7.HTM  http://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/part_4/chapter_19.html http://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/part_4/chapter_19.html  Cervical picture- https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=s3XHsmG- IHU0DM&tbnid=y1J5egIiiQ04BM:&ved=0CAQQjB0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laserspineinstitute.com%2Fback_problems%2Fvertebrae%2Fcervical_vertebrae%2F&ei=fJ5DUum6F 43Q9ASPn4D4DA&bvm=bv.53217764,d.cGE&psig=AFQjCNFBcF5IjWFonSRB1lXUI8GyJ11naA&ust=1380249085224844  Thoracic picture- https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=BfOBL8mapYbpwM&tbnid=Ewes5AiOLoqY5M:&ved=0CAQQjB0&url=http%3A%2F%2F www.marksdailyapple.com%2Fhow-to-improve-thoracic-spine- mobility%2F&ei=1Z1DUvzPJ5HA9QTo6YHAAg&bvm=bv.53217764,d.cGE&psig=AFQjCNFAmEns3CWk5_9FSCRB7I9Rm2XQsA&ust=1380249421065060  Lumbar- https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=s3XHsmG- IHU0DM&tbnid=y1J5egIiiQ04BM:&ved=0CAQQjB0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DA2twfYUqCmI&ei=jZ5DUsyrHojm9AT744GgCg&bvm=bv.53217 764,d.cGE&psig=AFQjCNFBcF5IjWFonSRB1lXUI8GyJ11naA&ust=1380249085224844  sacral picture- https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=wBbF- tvqu2BkZM&tbnid=ysglxk5DYvjCtM:&ved=0CAQQjB0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studyblue.com%2Fnotes%2Fnote%2Fn%2Fch-2-part- 1%2Fdeck%2F5218467&ei=t59DUty5IY3I9gSpjYCYBg&bvm=bv.53217764,d.cGE&psig=AFQjCNEUlbmpUzZ8Rz3pV2CTSTJBGqiUFQ&ust=1380249870576535  https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=s3XHsmG- IHU0DM&tbnid=y1J5egIiiQ04BM:&ved=0CAQQjB0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecoffeedrops.com%2Fsearch%2Fheadache%2F&ei=pZ5DUrvDH4X28gTK9oDoCw&bvm=bv.5321 7764,d.cGE&psig=AFQjCNFBcF5IjWFonSRB1lXUI8GyJ11naA&ust=1380249085224844  http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=34583 http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=34583  Marieb, Elaine Nicpon. Human anatomy and physiology. 3rd ed. Redwood City, Calif.: Benjamin/Cummings, 1995. Print.  http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Tubercle+(anatomy) http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Tubercle+(anatomy)  http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/suprasternal+notch http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/suprasternal+notch  http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/odontoid+process http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/odontoid+process  http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/groove http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/groove  http://www.spine-health.com/video/facet-joints-video http://www.spine-health.com/video/facet-joints-video