1. Immigration

3. 1880 -1924 - 26 million “new” immigrants arrived in America Push Factors: Wars, famine, religious persecution, and overpopulation were reasons people left Europe Pull factors-reasons why they wanted to come to US Immigrants leaving Hamburg, Germany for New York

4. Passage Passage could cost a life’s savings –Not all came at once (chain immigrants) Steerage – cheapest passage –Dirty, crowded, diseases "The Steerage" by Alfred Stieglitz (1907). (Image courtesy of the Library of Congress: Prints and Photographs Division. Reproduction number: C-USZ62-62880 [b&w film copy neg.].)Library of Congress: Prints and Photographs Division

5. What would you think of the US if this were the 1 st building you saw as you arrived?

6. Ellis Island Opened in 1892 when the federal government began screening immigrants Burned in 1897 Reopened in 1900 –By end of 1910, 6 million immigrants arrived Inadequate for flood of immigrants

7. Ellis Island Medical inspections completed –2 minutes to ask 32 questions Those who had diseases could be sent back Last names were often changed

8. Ellis Island Why are these people sitting in holding pens?

9. Most immigrants settled in cities –1900 – 2/3 rds of foreign born lived in cities –4 of 5 in NYC were immigrants or 1 st generation kids Lived in neighborhoods by ethnic backgrounds (ghettos) “Little Italy” NYC

10. Overcrowding –NY social worker counted 1,231 people in 120 rooms Poor Sanitation –No bathtub within 3 blocks No fresh air and lights Some children asphyxiated Living Conditions Nickel a spot lodging

11. Cartoon Analysis Reflection What positive attitudes or views towards immigrants were depicted in these cartoons? What negative attitudes/views? Based on the cartoons, what kind of a reception do you think immigrants could expect when they arrived?

12. What is the message of the cartoon regarding immigration? How do you know? How is irony used in the cartoon?

13. Anti-Foreign Attitudes Nativism-the idea that people born in America were superior –2nd or 3 rd generation –More common among WASPs Some native born Americans feared and resented immigrants Reasons: –Competition for jobs –Different customs –Lower wages –Willing to accept worse conditions –Often used as strike breakers

14. Social Darwinism Eugenics movement- “race scientists” who try to prove that certain ethnic groups are biologically superior –Nordics/Anglos (if Protestant) = superior –Alpines= tolerable –Mediterranean=inferior To avoid “race suicide” –Americanization programs (settlement houses) – OR –Exclusion policies

15. Chinese Immigrants Asians arrived to West Coast –1865-1882, 320,000 Watch: Chinese Immigrants Help Build A Nation 1. What were the push factors behind Chinese immigration? 2. Pull factors? What did America offer? 3. What challenges did they face in America? –Treatment, law, policies, regulations? (need 6)

16. Chinese Immigrants Help Build A Nation http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx ?ID=143448http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx ?ID=143448

17. U.S. Immigration Policy 1882-Chinese Exclusion Act –(10 yr) ban on Chinese immigrants –Renewed in 1892 –1902-permanent ban until 1945 Gentleman’s Agreement-U.S. won’t segregate Japanese immigrants already here, but Japan agrees not to allow anymore citizens to come Immigration Restriction Act of 1924 –Quota system set up to keep out “undesirable” ethnic groups –Limits southern/central Europeans

18. What details do you see? What is the message of the image?