1. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx How (and Why) the West is Shifting to Potable Reuse November 9, 2015 St. Augustine, FL

2. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 2 Presentation Topics Definitions Perspective & Drivers toward Potable Reuse Guidance – What Does it Take? Regulations & Legislative Processes –California –Texas –Arizona –New Mexico Discussion on Applicability for Florida

3. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 3 Non-Potable Reuse (NPR) or “Direct Reuse” (Purple Pipe) Indirect Potable Reuse - Surface Water Augmentation Definitions “De Facto” Potable Reuse

4. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 4 Non-Potable Reuse (NPR) or “Direct Reuse” (Purple Pipe) Indirect Potable Reuse - Surface Water Augmentation Indirect Potable Reuse - Groundwater Recharge Direct Potable Reuse Definitions

5. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 5 From Ratatouille…

6. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx In a good water year, everyone gets what they need, and purple pipe system meets non-potable demands

7. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 7 But when a drought occurs, purple pipe still meeting non-potable demands, but everyone has to cut back on potable demand

8. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 8 So maybe hybrid approach of some non- potable and some potable makes more sense?

9. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 9 Potable Reuse Drivers Limitations with non-potable water reuse –Cost, storage, dual system (Large) increases in water supply –Uses existing infrastructure Improves “reliability” –Drought proof and locally controlled Sustainable supply –Diversified water portfolio –Optimizes a water supply –Less energy than alternatives –Local resource –Not as susceptible to climate

10. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 10 Guidance

11. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 11 What do you need to do to make drinking water out of sewage? Pathogens & Trace Organic Compounds Treatment Risk Mitigation Public Acceptance

12. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 12 Overall Goal: How do we make DPR safe? WRRF Project 11-02 Addresses Two Key Questions: What level of treatment must we achieve? How can we achieve that level of treatment? Adenovirus Cryptosporidium fluoxetine NDMA

13. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 13 WRRF 11-02 Panel Report specifies treatment goals From Raw Wastewater to Potable Water –12-log virus –9-log bacteria –10-log protozoa

14. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 14 NWRI Panel – Chemical Criteria

15. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 15 Public health goals for DPR California for IPR (GW replenishment): 12 / 10 / 10 –12-log virus –10-log Giardia and Crypto reduction WRRF 11-02: 12 / 10 / 9 –12-log enteric virus –10-log Crypto (Giardia implied) –9-log bacteria Both: –Requirements for trace chemicals

16. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 16 Treatment Technologies

17. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 17 What do you need to do to make drinking water out of sewage? Pathogens & Trace Organic Compounds Treatment

18. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 18 If you address the pathogens, you will address the trace organic chemicals (WRRF-11-02) Treatment TrainVirusCrypto Total Coliform 151218 151318 141116 141116 131116 GOALS12109 MFRO UV/H 2 O 2 Cl 2 CAS UF O3O3 BAF UV CAS O3O3 BAF UF UV O3O3 CAS BAF UV MF CAS O3O3 MFRO UV/H 2 O 2 From raw wastewater to potable water

19. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 19 If you address the pathogens, you will address the trace organic chemicals (WRRF-11-02) Treatment TrainVirusCrypto Total Coliform 151218 151318 141116 141116 131116 GOALS12109 MFRO UV/H 2 O 2 Cl 2 CAS UF O3O3 BAF UV CAS O3O3 BAF UF UV O3O3 CAS BAF UV MF CAS O3O3 MFRO UV/H 2 O 2 From raw wastewater to potable water

20. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 20 New Guidance as of September 2015 NATIONAL WATER RESEARCH INSTITUTE Fountain Valley, California

21. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 21 Framework for DPR Independent Advisory Panel George Tchobanoglous, Panel Chair Joseph “Joe” Cotruvo James “Jim” Crook Ellen McDonald Adam Olivieri Andrew “Andy” Salveson R. Shane Trussell NATIONAL WATER RESEARCH INSTITUTE Fountain Valley, California

22. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 22 Organization of Framework for DPR 1.Introduction 2.What is Direct Potable Reuse? 3.Key Components of a Successful/Sustainable DPR Program 4.Public Health Protection 5.Source Control Programs 6.Wastewater Treatment 7.Advanced Water Treatment 8.Purified and Finished Water Management 9.Monitoring and Instrumentation Requirements 10.Residuals Management 11.Facility Operation 12.Public Outreach 13.Future Developments

23. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 23 And now, the Big Question…

24. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 24 Are Regulations Ready to Adopt Guidance?

25. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 25 Legislative Progress Toward Potable Reuse GW replenishment with recycled water: 6/18/14 Surface water augmentation: 12/31/16 Feasibility report for developing uniform water recycling criteria for DPR by 12/31/16 $M’s dedicated to research Definition of “waste” July 2014 – Moved drinking water program from CDPH to State Water Resources Control Board No WQ standards for IPR DPR permitted on case by case basis Public Drinking Water Code –Innovative / alternative treatment

26. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 26 Legislative Progress Toward Potable Reuse Prohibits using reclaimed water for potable source IPR allowed…sort of Steering Committee developing framework Review Legal and Institutional Barriers to Direct Potable Reuse of Reclaimed water – develop and implement plan for resolution (2017) Cloudcroft project is a driver for regulations development Approved on case by case basis NWRI Panel recently made recommendations to NMED IPR & DPR recommendations very similar

27. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 27 California’s Progress toward Potable Reuse

28. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 28 California Progression State legislation: Senate Bill 918, September 2010 –Regs for GW replenishment: June 2014 –Regs for SW augmentation: December 2016 –Report on DPR feasibility: December 2016 Had draft IPR (GW replenishment) rules for many years Finalized in June 2014 –12-log virus –10-log Giardia and Crypto reduction –Low tolerable risk One in 10,000 (10 -4 ) annual risk of infection from Pathogenic Microorganisms –Based on SDWA reductions Conventional WTPs provide 3-log removal of Giardia, 4-log removal of virus, and 2- to 5.5-log removal of Cryptosporidium.

29. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 29 Important Definition A Groundwater Replenishment Reuse Project (GRRP) is a project using recycled municipal wastewater – for the purpose of replenishment of groundwater that is designated a source of water supply in a Water Quality Control Plan, or –which has been identified as a GRRP by the RWQCB This requires conformance with regional salt & nutrient management plans, and possibly integrated water management plans

30. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 30 Types of IPR Projects Permitted Surface spreading without full advanced treatment (FAT = MF/RO + AOP) –Requires a diluent water supply (initially no greater than 20% recycled water, but eventually up to 100%) –Requires baseline TOC and soil aquifer treatment analysis Surface spreading with FAT –Retention for 6 months Subsurface application: FAT is continuous advanced treatment of the entire flow –Retention for 6 months All require tracer testing & modeling All require engineering report All require demonstration of recycled water retention time –1 month retention = 1 log reduction of virus

31. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 31 California Progression

32. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 32 Texas’s Progress toward Potable Reuse

33. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 33 Reuse & Water Rights: Direct reuse is simple: –Any water not discharged to a water of the state can be reused. Indirect reuse is more complicated: –Permitted through “bed and banks” permits –But return flows are subject to new appropriation Texas IPR Regulation

34. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 34 Water Quality No explicit water quality requirements for IPR –Existing state and federal regulations prevail. Examples: WWTP discharge permits driven by beneficial uses of receiving water (nutrient & pathogen limits, e.g.) Minimum distance between WTP intakes and WWTP discharges (500 ft) Example projects: –El Paso: Hueco Bolson Aquifer recharged with reclaimed water since 1985 –Tarrant Regional Water District: Wetlands Reuse Project since 2002 Texas IPR Regulation

35. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 35 Case-by-case approval by TCEQ –Permitted under “Public Drinking Water” code Innovative/alternate treatment clause –Treatment requirements based on pathogen log reduction credits –Pilot or “full scale verification” required Examples: –Raw Water Production Facility at Big Spring (operating since May 2013) –City of Wichita Falls (emergency; then stopped: long term IPR) –City of Brownwood (approved for construction) Texas DPR Regulation

36. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 36 Arizona’s Progress toward Potable Reuse

37. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 37 What can you do in AZ? 5 categories of reclaimed water quality No reference to IPR or DPR But, can replenish aquifers through aquifer protection permit (APP) – IPR with aquifer No examples of intentional IPR with reservoir/river Specifically prohibited from using reclaimed water as a potable water supply

38. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 38 Possibilities shaped by regulations Note that B and B+ do not require filtration

39. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 39 Even though B+, B, and C are classifications, BADCT for APP requires achieving A or A+ for new or modified plants

40. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 40 AZ Regulatory Framework All aquifers are protected for drinking water use Numeric AWQS are drinking water MCLs Narrative AWQS… – Endanger human health – Violate a surface water quality standard – Impair the current or future use of the aquifer

41. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 41 AZ Groundwater Recharge Permits Arizona Department of Water Resources (ADWR) Recharge Permits (for credits) –Underground Storage Facility Permit –Water Storage Permit –Recovery Well Permit (potable or non-potable) –Unreasonable harm assessment –Monitoring requirements Arizona Department of Environmental Quality Aquifer Protection Permit Aquifer Water Quality Standards at POC –Usually in shallowest aquifer down gradient of discharge, may be in zone of injection –Between recharge and water supply wells

42. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 42 Potable Reuse Background 2010 Governor’s Blue Ribbon Panel on Water Sustainability –B.3 – Facilitating Indirect Potable Reuse (IPR) a) Create an IPR Multi-Agency Steering Committee to further advance the use of IPR by developing definitions, guidance and a statewide policy for IPR, streamlining agency reviews, and incorporating new technologies. b) Create an IPR Advisory Panel, reporting to the Steering Committee, to focus on the effectiveness and implementation of new technologies and field studies. c) Open a rulemaking process to develop the regulatory framework. WateReuse Arizona Board Retreat February 2012 –Establish Steering Committee for Arizona Potable Reuse (SCAPR) Request for Support & Funding to WRA December 2012 End of 2013: ADWR & Governor issue State Strategic Vision

43. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 43 Steering Committee for Arizona Potable Reuse (SCAPR) Goals Identify impediments (real or imagined) to the advancement of potable reuse in Arizona Define a common terminology related to potable reuse Gather best practices, state of the industry information, and case studies (including international) to inform Arizona water policy Review California Title 22 and identify what elements, if any, are applicable to Arizona Create Advisory Panels to support the Steering Committee in achieving the Mission Conduct a scoping process to provide recommendations to ADEQ/ADWR on regulatory changes that would advance potable reuse in the State Develop a road map to potable reuse in Arizona

44. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 44 SCAPR Subcommittees Water Quality Regulations & Guidance Public Perception Technology Toolbox Emerging Contaminants –APEC – Advisory Panel on Emerging Contaminants All reports due December 15, 2015

45. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 45 Cloudcroft DPR Project Water Supply is low, and DPR is the answer. –Vacation community. –At 9,000 feet, there are limited groundwater resources. –No surface water resources. –Population doubles/triples during peak tourist season. –Water is needed to sustain tourism in the Village. Public support is split 50/50

46. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 46 Cloudcroft Proposed DPR System

47. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 47 Critical Issues to Address in Cloudcroft New Mexico Environment Department needs answers What level of treatment meets public health standards? Is the existing treatment scheme sufficient? What about process monitoring? How will a small community properly operate an advanced facility? What type of statewide guidance is needed for big and small DPR projects? Independent Advisory Panel –Jeff Mosher, NWRI –Jim Crook, Chair –Joe Cotruvo –Andy Salveson –Bruce Thompson, UNM –John Stomp, City of Albuquerque

48. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 48 NWRI Panel – Key Issues Treatment is robust & sufficient Operation and maintenance (O&M) issues are key! –Training –Retraining –Staff redundancy (small community!) –Budgeting - this will be a large increase in O&M costs. Outreach & Education ASAP

49. CarolloSmoothTemplateWithLogo.pptx 49 Discussion on Applicability to Florida Guy Carpenter gcarpenter@carollo.com 602-689-2678 Discussion on Applicability to Florida Guy Carpenter gcarpenter@carollo.com 602-689-2678