1. Ch. 31:
Decolonization

2. A. New Nations South & S.E. Asia: Middle East: Africa:
1946: The Philippines
1947: India (Gandhi & Nehru) & Pakistan
1948: Burma & Malaysia
1949: Indonesia (Sukarno)
1932: Iraq
1944: Syria
1946: Jordan
1948: Israel
1922: Egypt (Nasir)
1951: Libya
1960: Congo (Lumamba)
1962: Algeria
1963: Kenya (Kenyatta)

3. Decolonization in Africa

4. B. Patterns of Decolonization:
1. Violent Revolutions & Civil War:
China, Algeria, Angola, & Vietnam
2. Non-Violent Independence:
India, Ghana, & Turkey (Kemal Ataturk)
3. BOTH violent & non-violent:
Kenya, Congo, Egypt, & South Africa
* Guatemala (1954): CIA overthrows the Guatemalan President who attempted to take land from the U.S.-owned United Fruit Co.

5. C. Algeria Goals: Methods: independence from French Rule
Arab Nationalism
Methods:
FLN (National Liberation Front)
used violence, guerilla warfare, terrorism, torture
8 year civil war ( )

6. D. Sub-Saharan Africa Independence
Less violent overall, but suffered from:
arbitrarily drawn borders
dependence on export crops
lack of roads & railroads
*Egyptian coup led by Gamal Abdel Nasser:
nationalized Suez Canal (1956)…war w/ Israel
African National Congress (ANC) leaders:
Ghana: Kwame Nkrumah
Kenya: Jomo Kenyatta

7. Kwame Nkrumah & Jomo Kenyatta

8. E. Race Conflict in Africa
Race conflict severe in southern Africa:
Portuguese colonies of Angola & Mozambique
British colony of Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)
South Africa (Apartheid system)

9. F. The “Third” World
“Third World”= newly decolonized “nonaligned” countries within the “bipolar” Cold War
1955: Bandung Conference meeting of 29 African & Asian countries by the Indonesian President Sukarno
- role of Soviets & U.S.?

10. II. Chinese Cultural Revolution
1949: communist victory by Mao Zedong & creation of People’s Republic of China (PRC)
1958: Mao’s “Great Leap Forward” to industrialize PRC
1966: Cultural Revolution (creation of Red Guard units to purge dissidents…3 million killed)

11. III. The Middle East Arab-Israeli conflict:
1947: U.N. Partition into Jewish & Palestinian land
1948: creation of Israel…war w/ Arabs
1967: Six-Day War…led to creation of Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) by Yasir Arafat
Munich Olympics hostage

12. Middle East Oil: oil-producing states formed OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
- monopoly on oil supply
- Yom Kippur War (1973) against Israel led OPEC to embargo
oil to U.S. for supporting Israel…

13. IV. Global Environmental Concerns
Overpopulation fears
- “Green Revolution”: agricultural tech increased food supply
- overuse of pesticides/herbicides
- Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring
Industrial & Nuclear Waste
- 1970: Earth Day

14. Outline: Thesis (2-3 sentences) Economic Social Political
*1 diff. & 1 similarity for each)

15. Thesis?

16. Thesis?

17. Thesis?