1. C 37: The End of Empire  Wars of liberation.  Cold war politics.  Ethnic and religious conflicts.  Fragile new democracies.  Creation of Israel.  Post World War II = sometimes brought newly independent states autonomy and self-determination and sometimes pressures from the Cold War forced these new nations to choose sides (capitalism OR communism) often at the expense of their own independence

2. NATO and the Warsaw Pact = Militarization of the Cold War Establishment of United Nations 1946: 50 original members, 5 permanent Security Council members (China, France, GB, US, Soviet Union) = Post War Migrations

3. Great Leap Forward 1949 Cultural Revolution 1966: “its stated goal was to enforce socialism in the country by removing capitalist, traditional and cultural elements from Chinese society”

4. Four Pests Campaign 1958

7. Mao Zedong 1893-1976

8. Deng Xiaoping 1904-1997

9. This has caused shortages and higher costs for these resources on the global market, as well as air and water pollution within China. China’s economy has grown rapidly as market reforms have continued. Today, China’s economy is the second largest in the world, behind only the United States. As the economy has improved, so has the standard of living for many Chinese. Economic growth has not reached all China’s 1.3 billion people To prevent further population growth, Chinese government encourages families to have only one child Economic Development China Today Large population, rapidly expanding industries High demands on resources, environment Imports coal, iron ore, oil, natural gas to meet energy needs Other Challenges

10. The Jewel of the Crown –Legacy of British colonialism Deep division between Hindus, Muslims Role of Mohandas Ghandi Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Muslim League Jawaharlal Nehru, Congress Party 1947 partition (civil war over Kashmir: Muslims v Hindus) –500,000 killed –10 million refugees India moves toward nonalignment position –The “third path” (but does accept aid from USSR) Pre-War Areas of Influence Pakistan lost

11. Muslims leave India 1947 Great Britain grants India full independence in 1947 India becomes member of Dominion Commonwealth like Canada (ENGLISH language) Zealously protected India’s right to remain non-aligned VERY different from the response of the French to declarations of Independence by the Vietnamese in former French Indochina MISSED opportunity: Ho Chi Minh and Truman

12. COMMUNIST PAN-ARABISM US pressures France, Israel and Great Britain to withdraw from Suez Canal NATIONALISM Nationalism in Egypt EGYPT RETAINS CONTROL

14. Conflicts in the Middle East Regional Issue #1= Oil

15. 2/3 of the world’s oil comes from the Middle East

16. Regional Issue #2 = Islamism OPEC= Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

17. By 1978: Iranians protested the Shah’s oppressive rule 1979: Iranian Revolution: Islamic republic under the Ayatollah Khomeini 1979: Iranian revolutionaries seized the US Embassy in Tehran Took 66 American hostages and held (55) of them for 444 days 1980: Iraq attacked Iran because of border disputes and because Iran’s government calls for revolution Iraq used chemical weapons against Iran and Kurdish troops who supported Iran Path toward conciliation was complicated by rise of Islamisn in Middle East (fundamental Islam: peaceful but start to see extremists)

18. The Mandate System 1920 Regional Issue #3 = Conflict with Israel 1917 Balfour Declaration 1947 State of Israel and Palestine established by United Nation 1948 Israel rejected plan, established as independent state

19. After 1948, most Middle East countries refused to accept Israel’s right to exist Series of wars = Israel controlled more land than in 1948 1967= Six Day War (Israel took control of Gaza, Golan Heights, Sinai Peninsula, East and West Jerusalem

20. Before and After the Six Day War 1967

21. Egypt and Syria fight back with Yom Kippur War 1973

22. Until late 1970s, NO Arab nation recognized Israel’s right to exist… Camp David Accords 1978 The main features of the agreement were the mutual recognition of each country by the other, the cessation of the state of war that had existed since the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and the complete withdrawal by Israel of its armed forces and civilians from the rest of the Sinai Peninsula which Israel had captured during the 1967 Six-Day War ( Sadat/ Begin = Nobel Peace Prize 1978) October 6, 1981 March 9, 1992

23. Over 500 Israeli civilians died in 140 Palestinian suicide bomb attacks from 2000 to 2007. More than 4,500 Palestinians were killed by Israeli forces in the same period. Yassar Arafat (1929-2004) Established PLO 1964 Intifada 1987 Oslo Peace Accords 1993 (w Itzhak Rabin) Received Nobel Peace Prize 1994 Second Intifada 2000 President Obama/ Secretary of State Clinton: renewed interest in peace process 2011

24. Nationalism in North Africa and the Middle East North Africa:Morocco and Tunisia granted independence from the French in 1956 Algeria granted independence in 1962 (many French settlers there) Present Day (Arab Spring):Tunisia: 12/2010-1/2011 Egypt: 1/2011-2/2011 Libya: 2/2011 – 10/2011 Syria: 1/2011- ????

25.  Ghana= first sub-Saharan African nation to receive its independence (1957)  most independence battles were bloody and prolonged  depended in part on nature of European presence (settler colony?)  1947 Kikuyu rebels vs. British Settlers = years of fighting until Independence finally won in 1963  SOUTH AFRICA 1989 = President F.W. de Klerk Dismantled the apartheid system  African National Congress legalized and Mandela freed after 27 Years in jail  1994 Nelson Mandela = First democratically elected president of South Africa 1 million French Former French and British colonies more successful transition than Belgium and Portuguese (civil war/ violence in Rwanda, Angola…)

26. Problems Facing Independent Africa : Dictatorships/ Corruption Failure to modernize and diversify their economies The Cold War (they are pawns) Population growth/ food and water shortages Low literacy rates/ access to education HIV/AIDS Lack of cultural/ linguistic unity Intertribal/ inter ethnic conflict Rights of women