2. Lecture 6 Chapter Part 2 +3

3. Using Commas

4. Commas -, A comma is a punctuation mark It tells us to take a brief pause when we are reading – not as long as a full stop. It is the most common punctuation mark but has to be used carefully.

5. CommasCommas How to use them

6. When to Use a Comma There are several places we should use a comma in second grade. 1.Use a comma to separate words in a series. 2.Use a comma to separate a city and a state. 3.Use a comma to separate the day and year in a date. 4.Use a comma after the greeting and closing in a friendly letter.

7. Commas in a Series When you have three or more words in a series, use a comma to separate the items. These can be nouns, verbs, or adjectives. I need milk, bread, and butter from the store. Those cookies are delicious, delightful, and delectable. Will you help me wash the dishes, dust the furniture, and vacuum the living room.

8. Changing meaning 2 The old lady collected all sorts of things: silver, paper, hats, clocks and tablecloths. The old lady collected all sorts of things: silver paper, hats, clocks and tablecloths. The old lady collected all sorts of things: silver, paper hats, clocks and tablecloths.

9. Cities and States Use a comma to separate the city and the state. Medina, Tennessee Orlando, Florida Honolulu, Hawaii Los Angeles, California

10. Commas in a Date Use a comma to separate the day and the year in a date. February 19, 2002 August 9, 1999 November 11, 1971

11. Commas in a Friendly Letter A comma should follow the greeting. Dear Mr. Hays, End the closing of a letter with a comma. Your friend, Love,

12. After a time expression Yesterday morning, First, After that, Then ( do not use comma )

13. Commas are used to break up longer sentences into smaller parts to make more sense. –He walked all the way home, and he shut the door. –She called as loudly as she could, but no- one could hear her. "He hit the ball well, but he ran toward third base."

14. Adding information Paul Mann, our star player, broke his leg in the match on Saturday. Paul Mann broke his leg in the match on Saturday. The man, who was wearing a blue hat, slid silently into the room. The man slid silently into the room.

15. Other Uses To break up groups of numbers into thousands. –1,999,999 When writing a date. –February 14 th, 1990 Inside speech marks. –“ We are leaving tomorrow, ” said Fred.

16. Summary - Commas Show a brief pause within a sentence Separate items in a list Separate additional information Break up longer sentences into smaller parts Break up numbers into thousands Inside speech marks.

19. Usage 1. Use the Past Simple to express an action that started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind. Examples: II saw a movie yesterday. LLast year, I traveled to Japan. DDid you have dinner last night? SShe washed her car two hours ago.

20. 2. We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on. Examples: II finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. HHe arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00. DDid you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

21. 3.The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc. Examples: II lived in Brazil for two years. RRuti studied Japanese for five years. TThey sat at the beach all day. TThey did not stay at the party the entire time. WWe talked on the phone for thirty minutes.

22. 4.The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as “used to.” To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc. Examples: II studied French when I was a child. SShe worked at the movie theater after school.

23. 5. The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression “used to." Examples: SShe was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing. HHe didn't like tomatoes before. DDid you live in Texas when you were a kid? PPeople paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.

24. Time Expressions

25. Form: Verb “to be” I : I was born in Israel. he: He was a doctor. she: She was in the USA. it: It was cold yesterday was we: We were at home yesterday. you: You were right! they: They were in Italy last summer. were

26. Negative Form: Verb ‘to be’ I, he, she, it - was not (wasn’t) I wasn’t sick last week. He wasn’t in Eilat last summer. She wasn’t at school on Monday. we, you, they – were not (weren’t) We were not at home on Saturday. You weren’t happy with your grades. They weren’t angry with his behavior.

27. Questions with Verb “to be”  Yes / No Question  Wh – Non- Subject Question  Wh- Subject Question Was Was Were Were I, she, he, it I, she, he, it we, you, they we, you, they Rest of the sentence? Rest of the sentence? Rest of the sentence? Who/What Who/What was was Rest of the sentence? Rest of the sentence? Wh - word Wh - word was was were were I, she, he, it I, she, he, it we, you, they we, you, they Rest of the sentence? Rest of the sentence?

28. The past simple tense of the most English verbs is formed by adding "-ed“ to their base form. REGULAR VERBS Affirmative I played You played He played She played It played We played You played They playedAffirmative I played You played He played She played It played We played You played They played Negative I did not play / I didn’t play You did not play / you didn’t play He did not play / he didn’t play She did not play / she didn’t play It did not play / it didn’t play We did not play / we didn’t play You did not play / you didn’t play They did not play / they didn’t playNegative I did not play / I didn’t play You did not play / you didn’t play He did not play / he didn’t play She did not play / she didn’t play It did not play / it didn’t play We did not play / we didn’t play You did not play / you didn’t play They did not play / they didn’t play Interrogative Did I play Did you play Did he play Did she play Did it play Did we play Did you play Did they play

29. Past Simple: Regular Verbs TThe Past Simple tense of the most English verbs (regular verbs) is formed by adding "-ed"/"- d" to their base form. (If the verb ends in "-e", we add "-d" to form the past simple) Examples: WWe arrived at 9:00 o'clock. MMy brother lived in London four years ago. WWhen she was young, she danced beautifully.

30. Spelling Rules Verbs ending in –e: We only add a –d. LIVE- LIVED. If a regular verb ends in consonant + y change y to i and add -ed: carry - carried, study - studied, fry - fried, try - tried If a one syllable regular verb ends in consonant + vowel + consonant double the final consonant and add -ed -- > stop - stopped, plan - planned, rob - robbed, beg - begged

31. Irregular Verbs TThere are also some verbs called irregular verbs that have special past tense forms. See list of irregular verbs WWe went (go) to school yesterday. TThe children read (read) that story last year. TTamar wrote (write) the letter to her friend on Sunday.  T The students forgot (forget) to do the homework.

32. Negative Form NNegatives in the Simple Past are formed by adding didn't (informal) or did not (formal) before the simple form of the verb. TThe girl didn’t come to school yesterday. TThe parents didn’t work on Sunday. TThe baby didn’t drink milk in the morning. SubjectdidnotV 1 Rest of the sentence

33. Questions Yes / No Question DDid Nevo see his grandparents yesterday? Wh – Non – Subject Question WWhere did you spend your holidays? Wh – Subject Question WWho wrote this beautiful poem? Did Who / What Wh - word Rest of the sentence V 1 Subject ? SubjectV 1 Rest of the sentence ? V 2 Rest of the sentence ? did

34. REST OF IRREGULAR VERBS: IRREGULAR VERBS All 3 forms are similar infinitive simple past past participle costcostcost cutcutcut hithithit hurthurthurt letletlet putputput readreadread All 3 forms are different infinitive simple past past participle beginbeganbegun dodiddone eatateeaten knowknewknown

35. IRREGULAR VERBS Infinitive and past participle are similar infinitive simple past past participle comecamecome runranrun becomebecamebecome Simple past and past participle are similar infinitive simple past past participle bringbroughtbrought buildbuiltbuilt buyboughtbought catchcaughtcaught findfoundfound getgotgot makemademade

36. The difference between the paragraph and the essay

37. Essay Topics 1-who was the most influential person in your life? How did this person make you want to become better ? 2-Modern technology. 3-learning a new language

38. You have to write an assay ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________ ( 10 sentences for the body ) ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ( 3 sentences for the introduction) ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ( 3 sentences for the conclusion)