1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS

2. 2 Photosynthesis Anabolic (small molecules combined)Anabolic (small molecules combined) Endergonic (stores energy)Endergonic (stores energy) Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) requiring process that uses light energy (photons) and water (H 2 O) to produce organic macromolecules (glucose).Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) requiring process that uses light energy (photons) and water (H 2 O) to produce organic macromolecules (glucose). 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 glucose SUN photons

3. 3 Question: Where does photosynthesis take place?

4. 4 Plants Autotrophs – produce their own food (glucose)Autotrophs – produce their own food (glucose) Process called photosynthesisProcess called photosynthesis Mainly occurs in the leaves:Mainly occurs in the leaves: a.stoma - pores b.mesophyll cells Stoma Mesophyll Cell Chloroplast

5. 5 Stomata (stoma) Pores in a plant’s cuticle through which water vapor and gases (CO 2 & O 2 ) are exchanged between the plant and the atmosphere. Guard Cell Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Oxygen (O 2 ) Found on the underside of leaves Stoma

6. 6 Mesophyll Cell of Leaf Cell Wall Nucleus Chloroplast Central Vacuole Photosynthesis occurs in these cells!

7. 7 Chloroplast Organellephotosynthesis Organelle where photosynthesis takes place. Granum Thylakoid Stroma Outer Membrane Inner Membrane Thylakoid stacks are connected together

8. 8 Thylakoid Thylakoid Membrane Thylakoid Space Granum Grana make up the inner membrane

9. 9 Question: Why are plants green?

10. 10 Chlorophyll Molecules Located in the thylakoid membranesLocated in the thylakoid membranes Chlorophyll have Mg + in the centerChlorophyll have Mg + in the center Chlorophyll pigments harvest energy (photons) by absorbing certain wavelengths (blue-420 nm and red- 660 nm are most important)Chlorophyll pigments harvest energy (photons) by absorbing certain wavelengths (blue-420 nm and red- 660 nm are most important) Plants are green because the green wavelength is reflected, not absorbedPlants are green because the green wavelength is reflected, not absorbed.

11. 11 Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll wavelength Absorption violet blue green yellow orange red Chlorophyll absorbs blue-violet & red light best

12. 12 Question: During the fall, what causes the leaves to change colors?

13. 13 Fall Colors In addition to the chlorophyll pigments, there are other pigments presentIn addition to the chlorophyll pigments, there are other pigments present During the fall, the green chlorophyll pigments are greatly reduced revealing the other pigmentsDuring the fall, the green chlorophyll pigments are greatly reduced revealing the other pigments Carotenoids are pigments that are either red, orange, or yellowCarotenoids are pigments that are either red, orange, or yellow

14. 14 Question: What do cells use for energy?

15. 15 Energy for Life on Earth Sunlight is the ULTIMATE energy for all life on Earth Plants store energy in the chemical bonds of sugars Chemical energy is released as ATP during cellular respiration

16. 16 Structure of ATP ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate It is composed of the nitrogen base ADENINE, the pentose (5C) sugar RIBOSE, and three PHOSPHATE groups The LAST phosphate group is bonded with a HIGH ENERGY chemical bond This bond can be BROKEN to release ENERGY for CELLS to use

17. 17 Removing a Phosphate from ATP Breaking the LAST PHOSPHATE bond from ATP, will --- –Release ENERGY for cells to use –Form ADP –Produce a FREE PHOSPHATE GROUP

18. 18 High Energy Phosphate Bond

19. 19 FREE PHOSPHATE can be re-attached to ADP reforming ATP Process called Phosphorylation

20. 20 Phosphorylation

21. 21 Parts of Photosynthesis

22. 22 Two Parts of Photosynthesis Two reactions make up photosynthesis: 1.Light Reaction or Light Dependent Reaction - Produces energy from solar power (photons) in the form of ATP and NADPH. SUN

23. 23 Two Parts of Photosynthesis 2. Calvin Cycle or Light Independent Reaction Also called Carbon Fixation or C 3 FixationAlso called Carbon Fixation or C 3 Fixation Uses energy (ATP and NADPH) from light reaction to make sugar (glucose).Uses energy (ATP and NADPH) from light reaction to make sugar (glucose).

24. 24 Light Reaction (Electron Flow) Occurs in the Thylakoid membranesOccurs in the Thylakoid membranes

25. 25 Calvin Cycle Carbon Fixation (light independent reaction)Carbon Fixation (light independent reaction) C 3 plants (80% of plants on earth)C 3 plants (80% of plants on earth) Occurs in the stroma Occurs in the stroma Uses ATP and NADPH from light reaction as energyUses ATP and NADPH from light reaction as energy Uses CO 2Uses CO 2 To produce glucose: it takes 6 turns and uses 18 ATP and 12 NADPH.To produce glucose: it takes 6 turns and uses 18 ATP and 12 NADPH.

26. 26 Chloroplast Granum Thylakoid STROMA– where Calvin Cycle occurs Outer Membrane Inner Membrane

27. 27 Photorespiration Occurs on hot, dry, bright daysOccurs on hot, dry, bright days Stomates closeStomates close Fixation of O 2 instead of CO 2Fixation of O 2 instead of CO 2 Produces 2-C molecules instead of 3-C sugar moleculesProduces 2-C molecules instead of 3-C sugar molecules Produces no sugar molecules or no ATPProduces no sugar molecules or no ATP

28. 28 Photorespiration Because of photorespiration, plants have special adaptations to limit the effect of photorespiration: 1.C 4 plants 2.CAM plants

29. 29 C 4 Plants Hot, moist environmentsHot, moist environments 15% of plants (grasses, corn, sugarcane)15% of plants (grasses, corn, sugarcane)

30. 30 CAM Plants Hot, dry environmentsHot, dry environments 5% of plants (cactus and ice plants)5% of plants (cactus and ice plants) Stomates closed during dayStomates closed during day Stomates open during the nightStomates open during the night Light reaction - occurs during the dayLight reaction - occurs during the day Calvin Cycle - occurs when CO 2 is presentCalvin Cycle - occurs when CO 2 is present

31. 31 Question: Why do CAM plants close their stomata during the day?

32. Cam plants close their stomata in the hottest part of the day to conserve water