1. Chapter 21 Part 8 The Last of Napoleon (Yes. He’s back!)

2. The Hundred Days March 20-June 22 1815 While the talks in Vienna were stalled Napoleon left Elba and headed for France! While the talks in Vienna were stalled Napoleon left Elba and headed for France! March 15 th Napoleon landed in the south of France and marched with much popular support toward Paris March 15 th Napoleon landed in the south of France and marched with much popular support toward Paris Louis XVIII fled and Napoleon took power Louis XVIII fled and Napoleon took power

3. Napoleon raised an army And defeated a Prussian army in Belgium on June 16th And defeated a Prussian army in Belgium on June 16th Waterloo: the last battle of the Napoleonic wars Waterloo: the last battle of the Napoleonic wars Napoleon was defeated in Waterloo (in Belgium) by England’s army (led by the Duke of Wellington) and some Prussian forces Napoleon was defeated in Waterloo (in Belgium) by England’s army (led by the Duke of Wellington) and some Prussian forces

4. Napoleon was exiled (again) To St. Helena (far off of the coast of Africa) To St. Helena (far off of the coast of Africa) He died there in 1821 He died there in 1821

5. The Second Treaty of Paris 1815 This time, France was made to pay reparations: 700,000,000 francs for loss of life This time, France was made to pay reparations: 700,000,000 francs for loss of life Minor changes to the frontiers previously agreed upon Minor changes to the frontiers previously agreed upon

6. Looking Back at Napoleon The first egalitarian dictatorship of modern times The first egalitarian dictatorship of modern times Revolutionary institutions were consolidated Revolutionary institutions were consolidated Centralized the French Government Centralized the French Government Made a lasting settlement with the Church Made a lasting settlement with the Church Spread the ideas of the French Revolution to the rest of Europe Spread the ideas of the French Revolution to the rest of Europe

7. Problems with the Napoleonic Era Repressed individual liberty Repressed individual liberty Subverted republicanism Subverted republicanism Oppressed conquered people in Europe Oppressed conquered people in Europe Caused terrible suffering due to his wars Caused terrible suffering due to his wars

8. The Concert of Europe 1815-48 To guarantee the enforcement of the peace settlement of Vienna To guarantee the enforcement of the peace settlement of Vienna Was very conservative Was very conservative Two Parts: Two Parts: The Quadruple Alliance (The Enforcer) The Quadruple Alliance (The Enforcer) The Congress System (the Diplomatic arm; the guardians) The Congress System (the Diplomatic arm; the guardians)

9. The Quadruple Alliance: Russia, Prussia, Austria, England Russia, Prussia, Austria, England Provided for concerted action against any threat to the status quo Provided for concerted action against any threat to the status quo Most believed that the danger would be from France Most believed that the danger would be from France No Bonaparte could ever govern France again No Bonaparte could ever govern France again Austria believed that liberalism and nationalism constituted threats to the status quo Austria believed that liberalism and nationalism constituted threats to the status quo

10. Remember the Monroe Doctrine? Why was is necessary? Why was is necessary?

11. The Congress System (1815-22) A series of meetings of the big 4 to monitor and defend the status quo A series of meetings of the big 4 to monitor and defend the status quo The Principle of collective security required unanimous agreement among the members The Principle of collective security required unanimous agreement among the members Eventually Britain bowed out and France took her place (by that time, France was conservative enough) Eventually Britain bowed out and France took her place (by that time, France was conservative enough)

12. The Congress of Vienna Underestimated the nationalism that was inspired by Napoleon Underestimated the nationalism that was inspired by Napoleon It was more successful than many 20 th century attempts to stabilize international relations It was more successful than many 20 th century attempts to stabilize international relations The balance of power was not upset until the unification of Germany in 1870-71 The balance of power was not upset until the unification of Germany in 1870-71

13. Czar Alexander I (Russia) Proposed The Holy Alliance: All Monarchs were to sign a statement agreeing to uphold the Christian principles of charity and peace throughout Europe. Proposed The Holy Alliance: All Monarchs were to sign a statement agreeing to uphold the Christian principles of charity and peace throughout Europe. No one took it seriously No one took it seriously The Pope, the Ottomans, and the Brits refused to sign it The Pope, the Ottomans, and the Brits refused to sign it Liberals saw it as an obstacle to liberty and progress Liberals saw it as an obstacle to liberty and progress