1. S T P I The Use of Social Network Analysis in Evaluation Design Brian Zuckerman, Bhavya Lal, Alexis Wilson, Nathaniel Towery Science and Technology Policy Institute American Evaluation Association October 27, 2005

2. S T P I 2 Overview Using Social Network Analysis (SNA) in evaluation design SNA for sampling SNA for pipeline evaluation design Tentative conclusions

3. S T P I 3 Using Social Network Analysis in Evaluation Design Social network analysis increasingly being used as tool for evaluating program outcomes –Interdisciplinarity, collaboration, partnerships Features that make SNA effective outcome evaluation tool also valuable in designing evaluations –Sampling for surveys, interviews, site visits –Visualization of networks for pipeline evaluations

4. S T P I 4 SNA for Sampling Evaluations of R&D programs often require data collection from individual scientists/grants –Surveys, interviews, site visits Often sampling frame is stratified based on demographic characteristics –Organizational affiliation, department, gender Scientists, however, are not atomized – form “invisible colleges” through working relationships

5. S T P I 5 SNA for Sampling (2) Where evaluation designs require controlling for working relationships –Spread of information through a field or fields –Programmatic influence that may vary by subfield/subdiscipline Using SNA as basis for stratifying population may be superior to relying solely on demographics of individual scientists

6. S T P I 6 Program Evaluation Example: Spread of Methods Through Community Formative evaluation partner of NSF-funded, large-scale Center award Center/program goal to develop tools and methods that will diffuse throughout community –Evaluation design includes longitudinal surveys of scientists to assess use of concepts/tools and Center’s influence –Using SNA to visualize “community” and select survey sample

7. S T P I 7 Sampling Frame: Demographic Representation Borgatti, S.P., M.G. Everett, and L.C. Freeman. 1999. UCINET 5.0 Version 1.00. Natick: Analytic Technologies.

8. S T P I 8 Sampling Frame: Representation by Co-Authorship Borgatti, S.P., M.G. Everett, and L.C. Freeman. 1999. UCINET 5.0 Version 1.00. Natick: Analytic Technologies.

9. S T P I 9 Sampling Frame: Key Nodes Identified Borgatti, S.P., M.G. Everett, and L.C. Freeman. 1999. UCINET 5.0 Version 1.00. Natick: Analytic Technologies.

10. S T P I 10 SNA for Pipeline Evaluation Design “Pipeline” evaluation concept –Programs may be locally optimal but globally suboptimal, leading to “leaks” from the pipeline, because of: Poor articulation across programs/pipeline segments Misdistribution of resources –Need instead to assess contribution of programs/organizations to overall flow through pipeline rather than contribution of each program individually Network analysis as tool for visualizing pipeline first step in evaluation design

11. S T P I 11 Pipeline Evaluation Example: “Translational” Biomedical Research Flow of science from “bench to bedside” Assessment of “translational” research by NIH Institute for strategic planning purposes –Balance between individual-investigator awards and large-scale Center-like programs –Design of future/desired pipeline Portfolio of programs Relationships between Institute and other stakeholders Policies/regulations/structures to enhance translation Reviews in past have used portfolio assessment methods to provide quantitative data for evaluation

12. S T P I 12 Examples of Portfolio-Based Analyses Institute Historically Uses in Reviews We are using SNA to visualize entire translational research pipeline

13. S T P I 13 SNA Allows for Representation of Pipeline DiscoveryPre-clinicalClinical Trials Location on translational research continuum “End to end” Centers program

14. S T P I 14 SNA Allows for Representation of Pipeline DiscoveryPre-clinicalClinical Trials Location on translational research continuum “End to end” Centers program

15. S T P I 15 SNA Allows for Representation of Pipeline DiscoveryPre-clinicalClinical Trials Location on translational research continuum

16. S T P I 16 Visualized Networks Will Be Assessed for Productivity and Efficiency DiscoveryPre-clinicalClinical Trials Location on translational research continuum

17. S T P I 17 Tentative Conclusions: SNA Methods Can Contribute to Evaluation Design Potentially broad applications for sampling –Evaluations where communication/diffusion of information/collaboration key program element –Cross-sectional designs that require identification of "key nodes" of research activity –Growing sophistication of databases and tools reducing barriers More specialized applications for pipeline evaluation –Assessment of flow across multiple stages/levels Large-scale, mission-oriented vertically-integrated R&D organizations (e.g., DoD, NASA, large private companies) Evaluation of STEM education/workforce programs –Requires integration of data across programs and levels – data generally not collected with pipelines or integration in mind