1. Group 3: Microfluidic System for Galvanotaxis Measurements Team Members: Arunan Skandarajah and Devin Henson Advisors: Dr. Janetopoulos, Dr. John Wikswo, and Dr. Paul King

2. Physiological Presence of Electrical Fields Normal development and maintenance processes result in endogenous electric fields –Established in wounds- ~.4-2 V/cm –Generated across gland and organ walls –Present during fetal organization Result from ion flow across barriers

3. Cells Respond to Electric Fields Endothelial cells in wounds can be manipulated to speed or slow healing Neuronal cells grow along electrically generated paths Metastasizing cells will respond in the opposite manner of less malignant cells Our model organism, Dictyostelium discoideum, also undergoes electrotaxis at voltages from 2-20V/cm

4. Problem Statement How can we make experimentation easier than is currently possible? Issues with current technology 1. Difficult to fit bulky system on microscope stage 2. Exposed and electrified liquid dangerous to experimenters 3. Voltages as high as 500 V must be applied across device. 4. Excessive media and reagents required Electrodes Agar Salt Bridge Coverslip Roof Coverslip wall Beakers of media

5. Solution Process Utilize Microfabrication to –Reduce size of overall device to the scale of centimeters Allow for easy use on microscope stage Reduce the required applied voltage to ~50 V by reducing field size Reduce the volume of cells and media required –Create a closed design Perfuse Media through Device –Control of ion and pH gradients –Avoid problems with agar Eliminate voltage drop resulting from long bridges

6. Resistance Distribution Calculations 1.81 mS/cm = conductivity of DB buffer –Conductivity electrode meter from the Cliffel Lab in SC5516 –Resistivity = 1/1.81 = 552.49 Ω/cm Preliminary measurements with 2% agar – 650 Ω/cm with considerable variation –More tests necessary with different electrode types

7. Microfluidic Design Experimental Cell Area

8. Current Status Microfabrication and AutoCAD training complete Prototypes produced Cell successfully cultured and seeded into devices Cell motility captured, but stated rates of movement have not been matched Must establish baseline cell response to evaluate device before proceeding further Cells seeded in device, imaged at 32x using Zeiss Axiovert microscope and QImaging camera

9. Current Status Two macro-scale devices for establishing cell response 1. Coverslip method- replica from literature - easy to seed and clean - does not resolve any targeted problems 2. Microfluidic- “halfway” - lower voltage, better setup - more difficult to clean and seed PDMS Mcrofluidic channel Agar bridge access holes glass slide Agar bridge contact area Coverslip roof

10. Preliminary Cell Motility Data Cells are moving at approximately 1 μm/min This value is 1/3 of that reported in literature

11. ImageJ Cell Tracking Software Requires 8-bit images –QCapture capable of capturing in 8-bit –Previously captured 12-bit images are convertible to 8-bit  no lost images Obtained code for finding and tracking cells (Kevin Seale, SyBBURE) Other macros for specific cell tracking downloadable online

12. Immediate Tasks Work more closely with successful user of old device, Min Zhao Edit Kevin Seale’s code for our cell type and phase contrast imaging Microfabricate additional ‘half-way’ and fully microfluidic systems

13. Future Direction Quantify data –Program ImageJ to obtain cell displacement –Find directedness and trajectory rates Explore new experimental procedures –alternating fields –coupling with other mechanisms of motility –knockouts, nulls, genetic modification