1. CHAPTERS 22 & 23

2. * POLITICAL PARTY - group of people who share common political beliefs and ideology - an organized group, seeking to control the gov't.... through the winning of elections and holding public office - instituting their own policies and programs * U.S. is basically a two-party system...represented by the Democratic and Republican parties, sometimes challenged by minor/independent/third parties.

3. 1. FEDERALIST PARTY ( 595 ) - founded by Alexander Hamilton Party of the rich. Favored a strong national government. Policies favored "big business” NOTE: evolved into today's Republican Party.

4. 2. ANTI-FEDERALIST PARTY ( 595 ) - founded by Thomas Jefferson  Party of the "common man"  Favored a limited-Natl. gov't....more power to the States.  Evolved into the Democratic Party

5.  THOMAS NAST (Repub.) creator...no particular reason selected: A. Republican Party - Elephant B. Democratic Party - Donkey  Also: created the modern day image of Santa Claus... changed old European image of St. Nicholas from a thin- wispy fellow, to a round-jolly figure

6.  The now-famous Democratic donkey was first associated with Democrat Andrew Jackson's 1828 presidential campaign. His opponents called him a jackass (a donkey), and Jackson decided to use the image of the strong-willed animal on his campaign posters. Later, cartoonist Thomas Nast used the Democratic donkey in newspaper cartoons and made the symbol famous.

7.  Nast invented another famous symbol—the Republican elephant. In a cartoon that appeared in Harper's Weekly in 1874, Nast drew a donkey clothed in lion's skin, scaring away all the animals at the zoo. One of those animals, the elephant, was labeled “The Republican Vote.” That's all it took for the elephant to become associated with the Republican Party.  Democrats today say the donkey is smart and brave, while Republicans say the elephant is strong and dignified.

8.  1. NOMINATING FUNCTION  The selection of candidates representing the respective parties.  Narrowing down the choices w/in the party through the Primary Election Process.

9. * 2008 PRESIDENTIAL candidates DEMOCRATS 1. HILLARY CLINTON 7. BILL RICHARDSON 2. JOHN KERRY8. MARK WARNER 3. JOHN EDWARDS 9. EVAN BAYH 4. JOE BIDEN 10. TOM VILSACK 5. WESLEY CLARK11. BARACK OBAMA 6. RUSS FEINGOLD 12. THOMAS DASCHLE REPUBLICANS 1. CONDELEEZA RICE 8. GEORGE PATAKI 2. RUDY GIULIANI 9. MITT ROMNEY 3. JOHN MCCAIN 10. CHUCK HAGEL 4. JEB BUSH 11. HALEY BABOUR 5. NEWT GINGRICH 12. BILL OWENS 6. RICK SANTORUM 13. GEORGE ALLEN 7. BILL FRIST

10. 2. INFORMER FUNCTION / STIMULATOR FUNCTION  Political parties attempt to inform / notify the public about the candidate and his/her policies and programs.  “Stimulate" voter interest in the election campaign motivate voter turnout.

11. 3. BONDING AGENT FUNCTION  Each party strives for a "unified"/universal party effort... from the local level ("grass-roots“) to the Natl. level  Estab. common political objectives / goals.  1980-1988 R.Reagan:  1. reduction in size of gov't. and govt. spending  2. military build-up to oppose USSR

12.  1964-1968 LBJ:  1. Great Society Program  2. War on Poverty

13.  1988-1992 Geo.Bush:  1. no new taxes ("read my lips")  2. thousand pts. of light (?)

14. 4. WATCHDOG FUNCTION  Position held by the "OUT" party (party out of power)... seeking to QUESTION / CRITICIZE the policies/programs/ ideas of the "IN" party (party in power).

15. A. DEMOCRATIC ERA (1800-1860) - Demo. party win 13 of 15 presidential elections - losing: 1840 Wm. Henry Harrison and 1848 Zachary Taylor B. REPUBLICAN ERA (1860-1932) - Repub. party won 14 of 18 presidential elections - losing: 1884 & 1892 Grover Cleveland 1912 & 1916 Woodrow Wilson C. DEMOCRATIC ERA (1932-1980) - Demo. party won 7 of 11 presidential elections - losing: 1952 & 1956 Dwight D. Eisenhower and 1968 & 1972 Richard M. Nixon D. ??????????????????? (1980-2012) - 1980-1988 Ronald W. ReaganR - 1988 - 1992 George Herbert Walker BushR -1992-2000 William ClintonD -2000-2008 George W. BushR -2008-2016 Barak H. ObamaD -2016-2020???? R or D????

16. Independent parties influence American politics by: 1. dividing-votes 2. sway elections 3. influencing policies of the two major parties.

17.  M-I-T Party Characteristics: A. regional popularity B. innovative ideas C. outstanding candidate “ charisma “ !!!!!!!!!  i.e.: Theodore Roosevelt-former Repubublican  "Bull Moose" party  History History  Speechhttps://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=Do89pViPkvU Speech

19.  M-I-T Party failure due to: A. lack of financial support ($$) B. policies don't appeal to a large number of voters C. (2) major parties steal key ideas and adopt them as their own

20. 1. T.V. ( $1.5 billion for T.V. in 2012) 2. travel costs...and housing (hotel/motel) 3. paid professional staff (camp. managers, advisors, strategists, office managers, etc.) 4. newspaper ads ($10 - $100,000 for ads) 5. office space/furniture 6. posters/stickers/campaign buttons

21. 1. P.A.C.'s (Political Action Committees) - groups of people who share common views on various interests.  provide $ financial support for candidates  Spec. int. groups seeking a "favorable vote” for their cause  NOTE: ? Are PAC's buying congressional votes/influence? ….disregarding the wishes of the voting public?  Key: most are protecting economic interests

22.  PAC contribution limitations : (Per PAC/per Cand.)  A. $5,000 Primary Election  B. $5,000 General Election  C. $10,000 TOTAL PER CAND.

23.  after PAC's "max out" (gives the max. amt. $$$)  - limitations may be exceeded by BUNDLING  Individual contributors combine amounts to support a candidate or issue.  NO MONETARY LIMITS to Bundling

24. Constant campaign fund-raising by legislators  A) to retire old debts  B) to build-up a "war chest" (nest egg)

25.  Campaign Reform Movement to change the method of financing political campaigns...following the Watergate Scandal.  Federal Election Committee - function/duty is to review the source and amount of campaign contributions.

26. 2. individual contributions...limitations  A. $1,000 to a single federal cand.  B. $5,000 to a PAC/per yr.  C. $20,000 to the Natl. committee of a Pol. Party  D. $25,000 total yrly.

27. 3. candidates themselves...personal loans 4. Matching funds by the gov't....cand. must raise a min. amt. to receive gov't. funds 5. Fund-raising events -cand. "roasts"/dinners ($100 - $1,000 per plate), concerts, rallies, bake sales, etc.

28.  LT: What are the 3 qualifications to be able to vote?  EYES ON THE PRIZE: Emmitt Till  --N.A.A.C.P.  --Segregated (segregation)  --Use of “n” word  --Name some other slang (derogatory) names for minorities in today’s society FRIDAY, MARCH 28  LT: I can give one way a person can become a “candidate.”

29.  1. Who were the Little Rock 9?  2. What happened in the film to the 9 students?  3. What was the outcome? (how many graduated, what impact did they have on schools and who attended, etc.)

30. Registration: Some states require voters to register today. It is only a registration—your name and what party you want. Up until recent years, all states had a registration system that could require you to do any of the following: 1.Take a test (Alabama Literacy Test—on desk used until ‘65) 2.Pay a fee (poll tax—banned by 24 th amendment 1964) 3.Meet a requirement: “white primary” “grandfather clause” Voting Rights Act of 1965: Can not use literacy tests, voting examiners put in place, federal officers can register people to vote and can oversee elections. Tuesday April 1 LT: I can explain two ways African Americans were kept from voting.

31.  LT: I can identify when to go to the polls to vote for a candidate.  TODAY: NOTES—primary elections, election process, date to vote  HOMEWORK: Read pages 635-637 and complete the 2 reading checks (pg 635 and 637 + vocabulary on board in room)

32. METHODS OF NOMINATION ( 605 - 606 ) 1. SELF-ANNOUNCEMENT - a person simply announces he/she wishes to "run"... also used by a candidate who fails to receive a party nomination...i.e.: A. George Wallace (1968) Amer. Independent Party - lost Democratic nomination to H Humphrey B. Eugene Mc Carthy (1976) Independent Party -lost Democratic nomination to Jimmy Carter C. John Anderson (1980) Independent Party -lost Republican nomination to Ronald Reagan 2. CAUCUS (closed meeting) - party leadership/"party bosses" meet to select a candidate that will represent the party in the upcoming election - negative aspect" tends to EXCLUDE voter preference and other party members

33. 3. NOMINATION BY PETITION - candidates may be placed on the ballot by securing a required number of signatures on a petition - mainly used at local levels of politics 4. DIRECT PRIMARY - each party holds a "PRELIMINARY ELECTION" to select the candidate who will represent the party. (2) TYPES OF DIRECT PRIMARIES A. CLOSED PRIMARY**South Dakota - voters must register with a specific party... Repub. – Demo. - Ind. - only registered members may vote in the respective primaries (D -R) NOTE: INDEPENDENTS are excluded from closed primaries B. OPEN PRIMARY - party membership/affiliation is not a factor - voters may vote in either primary...regardless of party affiliation

34. * “ SUPER TUESDAY “ - Multiple states hold their primaries on the same day - designed to give a political boost / momentum / natl. exposure... SUPER TUESDAY - FEBRUARY 5, 2008 / 21 STATES (early primaries/caucuses lead to an early selection of candidates)

35. February 5Connecticut primary X X February 5Delaware primary X X February 5Georgia primary X X February 5Idaho caucus X - February 5Illinois primary X X February 5Kansas primary X - February 5Massachusetts primary X X February 5Minnesota caucus X X February 5Missouri primary X X February 5New Jersey primary X X February 5New Mexico caucus X - February 5New York primary X X February 5North Dakota caucus X X February 5Oklahoma primary X X February 5Tennessee primary X X February 5Utah primary X X

36. THE ELECTORAL PROCESS * In the U.S. there are more than 1/2 million elected officials/public officeholders (federal-state-local)...requiring a large number of elections. ELECTORAL PROCESS (2-steps) 1. nomination of candidates – each pol.party selects candidates 2. election of officeholders - the people/voters cast ballots and select officeholders * ELECTION DAY: FIRST TUES... following the FIRST MON in NOVEMBER of the EVEN NUMBERED YEARS. - Presidential, Congressional, and most State/local elections are held. NOTE: exceptions-local elections (city/county)

37. Friday, March 28, 2014 LT: What causes people to NOT to VOTE. 1.Who were the Little Rock 9? 2.What was important about what they did? 3. What was the outcome of Little Rock?

38. NON – VOTING - As a rule..."the lesser the office, the smaller the participation“ i.e.,: more people vote in a Presidential election than in an "off-year" election (non-pres. election) governor's race, state elections, city/county elections. Reasons for non-voting: 1. APATHY ( "lack of interest“ ) - makes no difference who wins...things won't change 2. voters who are ill or physically unable 3. Absenteeism - absent on election day... obtain Absentee Ballot 4. overcrowding at the polls 5. inclement/bad weather...reduces voter turnout

39. Friday: Right to vote 15, 19, 26

40. VOTERS and VOTER BEHAVIOR * SUFFRAGE - to vote - is a potential right not a civil right...a privilege belonging to those who qualify. NOTE: Voting in elections provides the electorate (people) an opportunity to influence govt. policies programs. * VOTING QUALIFICATIONS (imposed by ALL States)( 617 ) 1. Citizenship - must be a legal citizen of the U.S. - aliens may not vote or hold office 2. Residence - voters must qualify as a resident of a State - qualification periods: 30-60-90 days some States 0-15 days 3. Age-18 yrs and older as set fourth by the 26 th Amend. (1971) ( 617 ) NOTE: Some States require: REGISTRATION (PERIODIC / PERMANENT) (617) - a list of qualified/eligible voters...to prevent "fraudulent voting"

41. Registration: Some states require voters to register today. It is only a registration—your name and what party you want. Up until recent years, all states had a registration system that could require you to do any of the following: 1.Take a test (Alabama Literacy Test—on desk used until ‘65) 2.Pay a fee (poll tax—banned by 24 th amendment 1964) 3.Meet a requirement: “white primary” “grandfather clause” Voting Rights Act of 1965: Can not use literacy tests, voting examiners put in place, federal officers can register people to vote and can oversee elections.

42. * National Voter Registration Act of 1993 - “ Motor Voter ” Registration - passed by Congress to increase the number of registered voters... increase voter participation - voter registration at the DMV (Dept. of Motor Vehicles) Constitutional Amendments - regarding "suffrage" / voting: A. 15th AMEND (1870) - prohibits the denial of voting rights based upon race, color or previous servitude Little Rock 9Little Rock 9 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MTbCGf3x-Fw B. 19th AMEND (1920) - women gained voting rights C. 26th AMEND (1971) - estab. minimum voting age of 18 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iVB2AlVpt0IEmitt TillEmitt Till

43. MARKETING THE CANDIDATE( 622 - 624 ) - In the U.S. over 500,000 candidates are elected to various local - state - federal offices. - Harry S. Truman (1948) - last presidential campaign without the use of television... “ Whistle Stop ” campaign, using the railroad to personally reach the electorate… Truman defeated Thomas Dewey. TELEVISION has had a dramatic influence on voter choice… at all levels of politics (L-S-F) - The use of television to promote and project a favorable image of a candidate or negative image of one’s opponent. - Kennedy vs. Nixon - first televised debate... by 1960 (9 of 10) homes had TV. 1. ATTACK ADS (“ mudslinging ” ): creating a questionable or negative feeling. 2. SOUND BITES: Editing Audio / video clips of a candidate that may take a statement out of context, thus creating an unfavorable feeling / image

44. “ DAISY “ ad : LBJ commercial (1964) - aired only once, depicted a little girl plucking a flower... counting down to a nuclear bomb blast. - Barry Goldwater (R-AZ) was branded an extremist when he stated… nuclear bombs were “... just another weapon.” - “Soft Money” (undeclared source) is used to purchase TV time. * Info-mercials - 20-30 minute blocks of time, used to target a specific audience Talk-Show appearances - seeking free exposure to expand the electorate. Internet / E-mail - the wave of the future, info being sent to personal computers of the electorate. - candidate biographies- contribution ($) exposure - position papers- NOTE: future trend... to put the candidates themselves back into political ads, making them more accountable.

45. THURSDAY, APRIL 3 LT: I can mark a ballot based on my choices (after understanding the patterns that people use to make decisions on candidates) LT: I can explain the electoral college system of voting. Today: notes, possible electoral college film

46. BALLOTS 1. OFFICE-GROUP Ballot - candidates are listed/grouped together according to the office being sought 2. PARTY - COLUMN Ballot - candidates are listed VERTICALLY under his/her respective party - may lead to "STRAIGHT - TICKET" voting... selecting all one party. ELECTORAL TERMS 1. COATTAIL EFFECT - strong nat'l. candidate with wide support attracts votes/voters to help candidates of his/her party in an election 2. INCUMBENT - person currently holding a public office 3. LAME DUCK - politician "serving out" a term after losing an election OR being ineligible to run for re-election

47. (538) TOTAL ELECTORS / VOTES. Reflects the total sum of: (H) 435 (S) 100 (D of C) 3 270 of 538 needed to win the Pres. and V.P.

48.  Each state has the equivalent number of electors / votes as they have members in Congress...thus it is important for a cand. to win the "big" states…(Ca).  Electoral Coll. Sys. is a "WINNER-TAKE-ALL" sys....winner of popular vote receives all of that State’s Electoral votes. Note: the exceptions to the W-T-A… NE & ME both states use a combination of W-T-A (2 – popular vote) and district votes.

49. * ELECTORAL COLLEGE SYSTEM( 636 ) -Thom. Jefferson and the FRAMERS of the Constit. created the Electoral Coll. Sys. with the belief that the average citizen was not informed enough to make a wise decision regarding the Presidential selection. ELECTORS CREATED A BUFFER ZONE to compensate for the lack of information conveyed to the masses. - (538) TOTAL ELECTORS / VOTES - 270 of 538 needed to win the Pres. and V.P. - Each state has the equivalent number of electors / votes as they members in Congress... thus it is important for a cand. to win the "big" states - Electoral Coll. Sys. is a “ WINNER-TAKE-ALL " sys... winner of popular vote receives all of that States electoral votes.

52. - Electoral Coll. Sys. / (3) step process: A) NOV - GENERAL ELECTION, winner of popular vote takes all elect. votes w / in that State... at this point a "PRESIDENT-ELECT" is declared B) DEC - ELECTORS (prominent/committed party members) go to their state capitals to cast their votes -(1)Pres/(1)V.P... no Constitutional or Fed law that requires electors to vote for the winner of the popular vote... "FREE AGENTS" - Electors vote on the first Monday after the second Wed. in Dec. C) JAN - electoral votes sent to Wash, D.C. to be counted before a joint session of Congress...and the official winner is declared NOTE: if no cand. receives the necessary 270 votes: A) House of Reps. selects the Pres. B) Senate selects the V.P. - Pres and V.P. sworn in approx. Jan.20

53. PUBLIC OPINION POLLS ( 628 ) - polls are used to get an indication of the views/feelings on the issues - to "take the public pulse" - to forecast election results NOTE: STRAW VOTE - concerned with reaching the largest number of people possible NOTE: CROSS-SECTION of society must be polled to obtain a wide variety of views "SELECTIVE DISTRIBUTION"i.e.: 1. age 4. occupation 2. gender 5. socio-economic status 3. race/ethnic groups 6. geographic location

54. PUBLIC OPINION PUBLIC OPINION - a view/common idea shared by a significant number of the population - FACTORS/SOURCES THAT INFLUENCE PUBLIC OPINION 1. family 6. party affiliation 2. age 7. mass media (tv-newspapers) 3. gender (m-f) 8. peers/social contacts 4. socio-economic status (u-m-l) 9. church/religion 5. race/ethnic groups 10. school/educational level * OPINION LEADER - any person who has influence over the opinion(s) of others - assuming a leadership role A. expert/expertise in a given field or area B. celebrity or well-known person

55. PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES used by PRESSURE GROUPS / LOBBYIST ( 626 ) - to create a particular belief....good or bad 1. PLAIN FOLKS - pretend to be one of the common people... one of the group 2. BANDWAGON - follow the crowd....be with the majority 3. GLITTERING GENERALITIES - use of broad and vague statements... saying nothing of "concrete value“ 4. NAME CALLING - do NOT discuss the facts/issues... just give a bad name. (mudslinging) 5. TESTIMONIAL - use of a celebrity to endorse your cause..... 6. CARD STACKING - present only one-side of an issue... through the distortion and juggling of facts 7. TRANSFER - use of "Symbols" (Uncle Sam, eagle, etc.) to make an unrelated association.